Chapter Thirteen – Drug Analysis (Part I)

Transcript Chapter Thirteen – Drug Analysis (Part I)

Chapter Thirteen – Drug Analysis (Part I)

FRSC 8104 Criminalistics II Professor Bensley

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Objectives

1. Understand the basic concepts of psychological and physical dependence.

2. Name and classify commonly abused drugs.

3. Define the evolution of the Controlled Substance Act in the United States and explain the differences between federal and state and local drug laws.

4. List and define the schedules of the Controlled Substance Act.

5. Describe the “five p’s” in the chemical analysis of drugs.

6. Describe, explain, and perform the laboratory tests normally used to perform a routine drug identification analysis.

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Objectives

7. Explain the testing procedures used for the forensic identification of marijuana.

8. Explain the testing procedures used for the forensic identification of pill, tablets, capsules.

9. Explain the testing procedures used for the forensic identification on powders, solids, and residues.

10. Develop an understanding of the design and manufacturing process of clandestine laboratories.

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

I. Introduction A. Definition of drugs and medicines In 2010, there were 4.9 million drug-related emergency department (ED) visits; about one

half (46.8 percent, or 2.3 million visits) were attributed to drug misuse or abuse with a nearly equal percentage (47.4 percent) attributed to adverse drug reactions

http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k12/DAW N096/SR096EDHighlights2010.htm

• • • In 2010, ED visits resulting from the misuse or abuse of pharmaceuticals occurred at a rate of 434.9 visits per 100,000 population compared with a rate of 378.5 visits per 100,000 population for illicit drugs

http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k12/DAWN096/SR096EDHighlights2010.htm

Illicit Drugs – Heroin – – – – – – Cocaine Marijuana Pharmaceuticals Anti-anxiety + Insomnia Benzodiazepines Antidepressants Pain Relievers # ED Visits 1,171,000 224,706 488,101 461,028 1,345,645 472,769 408,021 105,229 659,969 Visits per 100,000 378.5

72.6

157.8

149.0

434.9

152.8

131.9

34.0

213.3

Drugs with Increasing Involvement in Emergency Department (ED) Visits for Drug Misuse or Abuse: 2004 to 2010 Drug Illicit Drugs Marijuana ED Visits, 2004 991,640 281,619 ED Visits, 2010 1,171,024 461,028 Percent Change, 2004 to 2010 * NC 64% MDMA (Ecstasy) Pharmaceuticals Anti-anxiety and Insomnia Drugs 10,227 626,472 210,711 21,836 1,345,645 472,769 114% 115% 124% Benzodiazepines Antipsychotics CNS Stimulants (e.g., ADHD Drugs) Muscle Relaxants Pain Relievers Narcotic Pain Relievers Hydrocodone Products Oxycodone Products 170,471 41,930 10,656 29,014 282,275 166,338 46,536 51,418 408,021 69,149 31,507 58,783 659,969 425,247 115,739 182,748 139% 65% 196% 103% 134% 156% 149% 255%

* Percent change is measured as difference in the estimated number of visits between 2004 and 2010. Reported changes are significant at the .05 level; "NC" signifies no significant change.

Source: 2010 SAMHSA Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN).

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

B. More Statistics Actual Causes of Preventable Deaths in United States (2000) Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL (March 2004). " Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000 ". JAMA 291 (10): 1238–45. DOI : 10.1001/jama.291.10.1238

120 100 80 60 40 20 0

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

Table ES.3: Total U.S. Expenditures on Cocaine, Heroin, Methamphetamine and Marijuana ($ Billions) - 2006

http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Economics#Budget

II.

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

Physiology of Drugs (Social Issues)

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

A. Toxicity 1. Behavioral vs. Physiological Toxicity 2. Acute vs. Chronic Toxicity 3. DAWN (Drug Abuse Warning Network) http://www.davinciinstitute.com/new/admin/content/FCKeditor/uploads/Drug%20Toxicity%20Chart.jpg

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

Recently (2009): Cocaine – 422,901 Heroin – 213,118

http://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/policy/99ndcs/ii-b.html

(chart) and http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k12/DAWN032/SR032Polydrug2012.htm

(other data)

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

B. Addiction (Habit-forming) 1. Tolerance 2. Physical Dependence a.

Withdrawal syndrome 3. Physiological Dependence a.

Reinforcement C. Crime and Violence

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

Rate per 100,000 Americans

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

III. Chemical Commodities A. Legal – Pharmaceutical Industry 1.

Ethical vs. Proprietary Legend vs. OTC Proprietary vs. Generic B. Illegal

Heroin Production

Drug Trafficking Routes

Marijuana Production by State - 2006

Rank State Harvested Plants Production Weight (Lb) Value to Growers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 15

California Tennessee Kentucky Hawaii Washington North Carolina Florida Alabama New York UNITED STATES

21,667,609 6,779,093 6,467,186 5,447,131 2,074,349 998,512 1,434,745 810,287 544,957

56,412,611

http://www.drugscience.org/Archive/bcr2/Appendix_State_MJ_Prod.pdf

8,622,831 2,980,853 2,786,396 2,378,196 641,354 418,588 369,740 354,551 205,208

22,293,643

$13,848,267,000 $4,787,250,000 $4,474,952,000 $3,819,383,000 $1,030,015,000 $672,253,000 $593,802,000 $569,409,000 $329,565,000

$35,803,591,000

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

C. Drug Names 1. Chemical 2. Generic 3. Brand 4. Street

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

Chemical 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one Generic - Diazepam Brand – Valium® Street – Candy, Downers, Sleeping Pills, Tranks

Also see this web site!!!

http://www.medisupplies.ie/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/COMMON-STREET-NAMES-21.gif

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline IV. Drug Categories

Actions (Effect) Stimulants Depressants Analgesics (Narcotics) Hallucinogens Cannabis Acid/Base/Neutral Acidic Drugs Basic Drugs Neutral Drugs Scheduling of Drugs

Schedule I Controlled Substances

(A) The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.

(B) The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

Examples – Heroin, LSD, Marijuana, Methaqualone, Mescaline, MDMA, GHB, Tryptamines, Most synthetic drugs

Schedule II Controlled Substances

(A) The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.

(B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions.

Examples - Morphine, Codeine, phencyclidine (PCP), cocaine, methadone, and methamphetamine

Schedule III Controlled Substances

(A) The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II.

(B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

(C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.

Examples - Anabolic steroids, codeine and hydrocodone with aspirin or Tylenol®, and some barbiturates

Schedule IV Controlled Substances

(A) The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III.

(B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

(C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III.

Examples - Darvon®, Talwin®, Equanil®, Valium®, and Xanax® (Diazepam, Alprazolam, Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, etc.)

Schedule V Controlled Substances

(A) The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV.

(B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

(C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV.

Example - Cough medicines with codeine

Chapter Thirteen – Drug Analysis (Part I)

Transcript Chapter Thirteen – Drug Analysis (Part I)