Transcript Chapter 13

Chapter 13
Reformation and Religious
Warfare in the Sixteenth Century
Prelude to Reformation
Christian or Northern Renaissance
Humanism
Christian Humanists
Desiderius Erasmus (1466 – 1536)
• Handbook of the Christian Knight (1503)
• “The Philosophy of Christ” (Direction for daily life
rather then dogmatic beliefs of a medieval church
• The Praise of Folly (1511)
• Wanted Reform within the Church: He laid the egg
that Luther hatched
Sir Thomas More
• Utopia- An island with the perfect State of Law
Christian Humanists
Church and Religion on the Eve
of the Reformation
Church Corruption: Pluralism (more then one job to
make more money, caused absenteeism in the church
Meaning of Salvation
Relics: Frederick the Wise had over 19,000 Relics that
could reduce purgatory by 2,000,000 Years
“Clergy fails to Reform: Religion was so
entangled with social, economics and politics it would be a
slow reform process
Martin Luther & the Reformation in
Germany
The Early Luther
Law Student
Becomes a monk
Doctorate in Theology (1512)
“Justification by Faith” The act of deserving salvation
Primacy of the Bible as the sole religious authority
Pope Leo X, Johann Tetzel Indulgences
The Ninety-Five Theses (1517) an angry letter to the Catholic
church that was pinned on the door of the church and university
Pamphlets (1520) Proposed break from the Church
• Address to the Nobility of the German Nation(German Princes)
• The Babylonian Captivity of the Church(Attacked sacraments)
• On the Freedom of a Christian Man (A Good man does good work)
Excommunication (1521) Summoned to Reichstag by Emperor
Charles V
Diet of Worms (1521)Makes him an outlaw and all his writing to
The Development of Lutheranism
Spread through Germany
The Elector of Saxony saves Luther and hides him in Wartburg
(He translates the New Testament into German and it sold 200,000
Copies in 12 years
Dissent from the Humanists: The older Humanists
when they saw the unity of Christianity being threatened, they broke
away from reform
The Peasants’ War (1524): unhappy peasants strike
against local lords for new taxes and returning to the “Good old Days” Luther
preaches against the Peasants and calls on the state to put down the rebellion.
State Churches: This make Luther more dependent then ever on
the State authority to help him spread his reform
New Religious Services: Only 2 sacraments are kept for
Luther’s reform; Baptism and the Lords Supper
Germany and the Reformation:
Religion and Politics
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519 – 1556)
Francis I of France (1515 – 1547); Charles political rival
over rival lands, these wars kept Charles from dealing with Luther
Habsburg – Valois Wars (1521 – 1544)
Pope Clement VII (1523 – 1534) sides with Francis I, this
causes the bloody sacking of Rome by Charles V
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520 – 1566)Lead to
Ottoman Turks into Hungary and Austria against Charles
Germany’s fragmented political power
Peace of Augsburg (1555) Charles Loses his life long fight
to unite Germany under one religion
Division of Christianity acknowledged
The Spread of the Protestant
Reformation
The Zwinglian Reformation
Swiss Confederation: 13 self governing states
Ulrich Zwingli (1484 – 1531) Humanist priest and
Swiss reformer
• Unrest in Zurich spread reform ideas to other Swiss
towns
• Seeks alliance with German reformers
Swiss Civil War: Protestant vs. Catholic, Zwingli
army is routed, he is found wounded on battle field, his body is cut
up, burned and his ashes scatter.
The Radical Reformation: The
Anabaptists
a member of any of various Protestant sects, formed in Europe after
1520, that denied the validity of infant baptism, baptized believers
only, and advocated social and economic reforms
Church was a voluntary association of believers
Adult baptism
Separation of Church and State
Swiss Brethren: most wiped out in the Civil War
Anabaptists persecuted: By both Protestants and Catholics
Menno Simons (1496 – 1561) Spread the word of Pacifism
Separation from the World
Mennonites
Millenarianism- Believed the end of the world was near
and a new world would rise up in Munster. It was put
down and the radicals executed.
The Reformation in England
Henry VIII (1509 – 1547) Excommunicated for breaking away from
Rome and forming the Church of England.
Catherine of Aragón (First Wife) No Male heir, marriage
annulled
Anne Boleyn (Second Wife) lady in waiting to Catherine,
gets pregnant by Henry, becomes 2nd wife, has a girl and is beheaded
Elizabeth I Will become Queen of England for 45 years
Act of Supremacy (1534) England breaks from Rome and
Church, King now makes all religious decisions
Thomas Cramner, Archbishop of Canterbury, voided marriage
to Catherine so King could marry Anne, Excommunicated by pope
Edward VI (1547 – 1553)Son of 3rd wife, sickly, takes
throne when Henry dies, he is only 9 and easily manipulated into
pushing the Church of England towards being Protestant by Cramner
Mary I, “Bloody Mary”(1553 – 1558)Catherine’s Daughter
who burned more then 300 Protestants Intends to restore Catholicism
to England and forms an Alliance with Spain, her death end
Catholicism in England.
B. Religious Policies
• Rulers of Spain and France defended Catholicism from
Protestant Challenge.
• Henry VIII challenged papal authority and declared
himself the head of the Church of England because the
pope would not grant him a divorce from Catherine of
Aragon.
Henry VIII (1491 - 1547) was the King of England and
besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role
in the separation of the Church of England from
the Roman Catholic Church.
Henry VIII six wives.
Catherine of Aragon was the youngest child of Ferdinand and Isabella.
She was Henry VIII’s 1st wife, the mother of Mary Queen of Scots, and
her divorce resulted in the separation of England from the Roman
Catholic Church.
Anne Boleyn was Catherine of Aragon’s Queen consort,
Henry VIII’s 2nd wife, mother of Queen Elizabeth I, and
was beheaded at the Tower of London for adultery.
Jane Seymour married Henry VIII 10 days after
Anne Boleyn’s execution, died two weeks after the
birth of Edward VI, was the only wife to receive
a queen’s funeral, and was buried beside Henry VIII.
Anne of Cleves was Henry VIII’s 4th wife. She was German and he
married her from a portrait, but when she showed up he thought she
was ugly. Fearing for her life, she agreed to a divorce.
Catherine Howard married Henry VII’s 20 days after his divorce
from Anne of Cleves. She was Anne Boleyn’s cousin and was
beheaded in less then two years for adultery.
Catherine Parr was Henry VIII’s 6th and final wife. She
was the first queen of Ireland and was the most married
English queen - she had four husbands.
John Calvin and the
Development of Calvinism
John Calvin (1509 – 1564)
Institutes of Christian Religion (1536) Calvin’s
synthesis of Protestant thought, secures John Calvin as a new leader of
Protestantism
Predestination: Saved (Elect) or Damned (reprobate)
3 tests: 1. Profession of the faith, 2.Decent Godly life, 3.
Participation in the sacraments
Two Sacraments
Baptism
The Lord’s Supper (Communion)
Geneva
Consistory- Special body for enforcing moral discipline.
The Social Impact of the
Protestant Reformation
The Family
Marriage and Sex,(Marry on if you cannot remain celibate
Positive family relationships: Family becomes
the center of human life
Women’s Roles, still must obey
• Women left with few alternatives in Protestantism
Religions Practices and Popular Culture
Changes in Religious Practices
• Family worship and private prayer
Changes in forms of entertainment
• Tried to ban drinking in pubs, dancing and dramatic
performances
The Catholic Reformation
The Society of Jesus
Ignatius of Loyola (1491 – 1556)founder
• The Spiritual Exercises- A training manual to living
a godly life
Jesuits recognized as a religious order (1540)
• Absolute obedience to the papacy
Three major objectives of Jesuits
• Education crucial to combating Protestantism
• Propagation of Catholic faith among non-Catholics
• Fight Protestantism
A Revived Papacy
Pope Paul III (1534 – 1549)
Reform Commission (1535 – 1537)Blames problems
of the church on corrupt pope and cardinals
Recognized Jesuits Summons them to Council of Trent
Council of Trent
Roman Inquisition (1542) Ferret out all doctrinal errors and
no compromise with Protestants
Pope Paul IV (1555 – 1559)First True Pope of Counter
Reformation
Index of Forbidden Books
• All Protestant theologians
• Unwholesome books
The Council of Trent
Met intermittently from 1545 – 1563
Divisions between moderates(Let Protestants back
into the church)and conservatives( Strict opposition to
Protestant Ideas) The Conservatives won.
Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings
Scripture and Tradition(Church interpretation only)
Faith and Good Works(Needed for Salvation)
Sacraments (all 7, not the Protestant 2)
Purgatory and indulgences were affirmed, but
no more hawking of indulgences
Politics and the Wars of Religion
in the Sixteenth Century
The French Civil Wars of Religion (1562 – 1598)
Huguenots French Calvinists vs.
• Conversion of the 40 – 50 percent of French nobility
The Ultra Catholics- the Majority of France, lead a strict
opposition to the Huguenots
The Civil War halts State needs. France
becomes less important then Faith
The Politiques- A French group that put politics ahead of
Religion and help end the Civil War
Henry IV of Navarre (1589 – 1610)
• Converts to Catholicism
• Edict of Nantes (1598)Gives Huguenots full
religious toleration and ends Religous civil war
Philip II and the Cause of
Militant Catholicism
Philip II of Spain (1556 – 1598)ushered in
Spanish greatness, politically and culturally:
Charles V son, Exploration Philippines Named for him
Importance of Catholicism in Spain: This will
lead to the Spanish Inquisition
The Holy League: Spain also lead the fight against
Turkish encroachment in the Mediterranean
Battle of Lepanto (1571) Spanish Defeat over the
Turks on Cyprus, Kick Ottomans out of Mediterranean,
last Naval battle fought with oared ships
The Revolt of the Netherlands
Philip tries to strengthen his control: Pushed One
Religion This was a mistake as the northerners realized their taxes
went to Spain interests
Resentment against Philip: Attacks on the Calvinists
lead to revolt and attacks on churches
Calvinists: Philip Sends 10,000 troops against the Calvinist and
levy's punishment taxes on the people, the people join the Calvinist
and fight back under the leadership of William of Orange
William of Nassau, Prince of Orange: Unify all
17 provinces in 1576 with respect to religious differences. It will not
last as religious intolerance will lead to Split country in 1579
Protestant North and Catholic South
United Provinces of the Netherlands (1581)
The England of Elizabeth
Queen Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) after Death of Mary
Act of Supremacy: Moderation and Compromise when it
comes to Religion. Used the Act of Uniformity and the 39 Articles to
define theological issues. She turned England Protestant without
upsetting the people by avoiding distinctions and extremes.
Foreign Policy: Avoid war, explore, send secret aid the
enemies of our enemies
Conflict with Spain: Had the local pirates raid the Spanish
fleet and plunder their goods (Sir Francis Drake)
The Spanish Armada (1588) Spanish invasion of
England. Philip II tries to have England be Catholic again and sends
his massive fleet, The fleet is sunk and destroyed by the smaller
quicker English ships in the English Channel.