Transcript Reformation - Mr. Martin's History site

Reformation
Causes
Social Causes
• The Renaissance values of humanism and
secularism led people to question the Church.
• The printing press helped to spread ideas
critical of the Church
Political
• Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as
the supreme power in Europe
• Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign
ruler and challenged his authority
Economic
• European princes and kings were jealous of
the Church’s wealth
• Merchants and others resented having to pay
taxes to the Church
Religious
• Some Church leaders had become worldly and
corrupt
• Many people found Church practices such as
the sale of indulgences unacceptable
Protestant Reformation
• A PROTEST against Church Abuses and a
REFORM movement in the Christian Church.
General Background
• In Medieval times Catholic Christianity
dominated the lives of people.
• Since most people were uneducated, however,
their understanding of Christianity was often
distorted with some superstitions and imaginary
concepts.
• Fear of damnation in an afterlife was of major
concern.
Foundations for Reform
• Renaissance education
which emphasized critical
thinking.
• Availability of printed
books such as the Bible.
• Humanist values and
increased focus on this
life vs. afterlife.
• German and English
nobility disliked Italian
domination of the Church
• Abuses of the Church
• Pope Leo X’s lifestyle.
• Sales of Indulgences.
• Sales of Relics
• Sales of Church Offices.
• The Church’s great political
power and wealth caused
conflict.
Martin Luther (Who was he?)
• Born in what is now
Germany
• Was a Lawyer who gave up
his practice and became a
monk
• Struggled w/ his faith
tremendously
• Did not intend to break with
the church
– He wanted to reform it
originally
• Like many, he believed the
Church had lost its
spirituality
Martin Luther Challenges the Church
• A friar named Johann Tetzel was raising money
to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome and he
was doing this by selling indulgences. (a
pardon)
• Indulgence released a sinner from performing
the penalty that a priest imposed for sins.
• Tetzel gave people the impression that by
buying indulgences, they could buy their way
into heaven. (they were not supposed to affect
God’s right to judge)
Sales of Indulgences
• Fundraiser for the
Catholic Church
• Pay for the arts and lavish
lifestyles of Church
leaders.
• Reduce / Cancel
punishment for sins or
even future sins.
• Ensure admission to
Heaven.
• Catholic Church approves
• “Once you hear the
money’s ring, the soul
from purgatory is free
to spring.”
-- Tetzel
Luther Takes a Stand
• In response, he wrote 95 Theses, or formal
statements, attacking the “pardon-merchants”
• He posted these statements on the door of the
church at Wittenberg .
• Someone had them printed and his name
became known all over Germany.
• These actions began the Reformation, a
movement for religious reform. It led to the
founding of Christian churches that did not
accept the pope’s authority.
Luther’s Three Main Ideas
1. People could win salvation only by faith in
God’s gift of forgiveness (Church taught faith
and good works were needed)
2. Church teachings should be clearly based on
the words of the Bible. (Both the pope and
Church traditions were false authorities)
3. All people with faith were equal. Therefore,
people did not need priests to interpret the
Bible for them.
Luther vs. the Church
• His writings opened up feelings in many peoples
hearts
• 1521 - Pope Leo X declares Luther is a heretic and
excommunicates him
• Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V) calls Luther to
trial (Diet of Worms)
– Rules Luther as an outlaw
– Frederick of Saxony puts Luther in hiding
– While in hiding Luther translates the Bible into German
• First person to do this in Western Europe
• Now everyone can read it for themselves
Luther at Diet of Worms
Martin Luther's Beliefs
• Luther founds his own church (Lutheran)
– Simple, priests guide it (not powerful officials)
• Luther believes that people can reach
salvation through faith alone
– He claims that one cant get it through good deeds
or buying indulgences
– He claims that the bible is the ultimate authority,
not the pope
– He believes that all people are equal before the
eyes of God
Conflict in German States
• Charles V tries to stomp out any religious dissent
against the Catholic Church
– Wins battles against other German Princes but cannot
stop the spread of Luther’s message
• German Princes that protest Charles V are called “Protestants”
• Peace of Augsburg (1555)
– Reaches a compromise with German princes that
support Luther
• Each prince can choose what religion they want for their land
• People who don’t want to follow that religion have to move to
different state
• Northern Princes follow Luther’s teachings, Southern Princes
remain loyal to Catholic Church
Reformation in England
• Starts with Henry VIII (for political reasons)
– Defended Church during Reformation in Germany
• Pope gives him the title as “defender of the faith”
• Henry VIII asks for a divorce from his wife
Catharine of Aragon (1529)
– Pope refuses to allow him the divorce
– Henry gets angry and pulls England from the Catholic
Church
– Forms the Church of England with him as the head of
it (later called the Anglican Church)
Church of England
• Act of Supremacy (1534)
– Officially broke England with the Catholic Church
– England confiscated all property the Catholic
Church held in England
– Henry VIII was now able to divorce his wife and
remarry
• 1588 – Spanish Armada tries to sail to
England
– Goal was to overthrow England's rulers and
reassert Catholic domination over the country
– Huge failure – English become most powerful
naval force afterwards
England Becomes Protestant
• Henry VIII was married to Catherine of Aragon
and she had a daughter Mary, but no son.
Henry VIII wanted a male heir and he asked
the pope for an annulment, but he refused
and so Henry VIII divorced her and married
Anne Boleyn who gave him a daughter,
Elizabeth.
England Becomes Protestant
• Henry VIII has her beheaded for treason and
marries Jane Seymour who gives him a son,
Edward but she dies 2 weeks afterwards.
• Henry marries three more times but has no
more children.
Elizabeth I restores Protestantism
• Mary had returned England to Catholicism but
when she died, Elizabeth I returned England to the
Protestant faith.
• She decided to establish a church that moderate
Catholics and Protestants would both accept.
• She did this by setting up the Church of England
to have parts of both Catholic and Protestant
religions. (priests could marry, like the Protestants,
and they wore the rich robes like the Catholics)
Elizabeth I
• Elizabeth faced many challenges.
• Catholics tried to replace her with Mary
Queen of Scots, her Catholic cousin.
• Philip II the Catholic King of Spain tried to
overthrow her (Spanish Armada of 1588)
• She also had economic problems
• Through it all, she remained a powerful leader
of England and the Anglican Church
Queen Elizabeth I
• Anglican Church became a national church
throughout the British Isles
• Tolerance for dissenters
• Expansion and colonialism
• Victory over the Spanish Armada (1588)
Queen Elizabeth
John Calvin
• John Calvin forms his own
church in Switzerland
– Has similarities to Luther’s
ideas, but differs in some
aspects as well
• 1536 – John Calvin writes
– Institutions of the
Christian Religion
– Outlines his beliefs on
every issue
– Gives followers a united
front
– Becomes the basis of
(Calvinism)
John Calvin’s Beliefs (Calvinism)
• Predestination – Idea that
God has already decided
who will be saved and who
would not
Calvin establishes his
church in Switzerland
• 1536 – Calvin moves to
Geneva Switzerland and
establishes a Theocracy
– Chosen ones called “the elect”
there
– Believes that a persons faith
– A government ruled by
will be revealed by living a
religious leaders
righteous life
– Strict rules but people
• Preached self discipline, high
moral standards, and strong
work ethic
willingly follow
– No Vices allowed
Calvinism spreads to France
• Many French Nobles convert to Calvinism
– 1/3 of the nobility at one point
– French protestants are referred to as HUGUENOTS
• 1562 – Huguenots and Catholics in France begin
a bloody civil war
– Many Huguenots flee France (Go to Netherlands)
• 1598 – Edict of Nantes
– King Henry IV of France grants some religious and
political freedom to the Huguenots in order to quell
the violence
Calvinism Spreads to other countries in
Europe
• In Poland, Hungry, and other parts of Eastern
Europe some minorities convert to Calvinism
• Calvinism also spreads to the Netherlands,
Scotland, and parts of the Western German states
– These people will eventually be called “Puritans”
• Tried to purify the church and live “pure” lives
• By 1600 Calvinism is firmly rooted in European
society
Reformation in Germany
• Princes in Northern Germany converted to
Protestantism, ending the authority of the
Pope in their states.
• The Hapsburg family and the authority of the
Holy Roman Empire continued to support the
Roman Catholic Church
• Conflict between Protestants and Catholics
resulted in devastating wars (e.g., 30 yrs. War)
Reformation in France
• Catholic monarchy granted Protestant
Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict
of Nantes (later revoked).
• Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the
Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a
political conflict.
Catholic Reformation
• Dissenters prior to Martin Luther: Jan Huss,
John Wycliffe
• Counter-Reformation: Catholic Response
– The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church
doctrine and practices.
– The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to
spread Catholic doctrine around the world.
– The Inquisition was used to reinforce Catholic
doctrine.
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
• The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by
Spanish nobleman
Ignatius of Loyola
– Loyal to pope
– Spread Catholicism
– Roll back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
• Council of Trent (15451563): decrees reaffirmed
traditional Catholic teachings
– Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvation
– Seven sacraments
– Catholic view of Eucharist
– Clerical celibacy
– Purgatory was REAL
– Indulgences could be given,
but not SOLD!
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
• Reform of the
Papacy
– Corrupt policies
need to go
– Bad behavior at all
levels needed to go
– Reaffirm Church
doctrine
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
•“The Inquisition”