Transcript Chapter 21.1

Learning Goal and Do Now
By the end of this unit, you will be able to describe in
detail the causes, contributors, effects, scope and
grandeur of the Age of Absolutism and Divine Rule.
Do Now
• Imagine yourself a citizen during the period between
1500-1800. Your ruler believes a political theory; his
power comes from god. In other words, god chose him
to rule the you and the state. He is often heard saying
“L’etat, c’est moi,” meaning I am the state.
• How may their rule effect your life – negatively and
positively?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3ru_S_5k2c&feat
ure=related
Chapter 21
Absolute Monarchs in Europe
1500-1800
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
M_u_Xo924A8
Importance of Regions
•
•
Why is a “region” important? Why might Europe have been a likely center of
conflict between powers with territorial ambitions?
Locate Russia. What are the possible benefits and drawbacks of Russia’s location
in relation tow Western Europe and how might Russia’s location affect its
development?
Theory of Absolutism
• Goal of monarch: to
control every aspect of
daily life within society
• Belief in divine right
– Answers only to God
• Monarchs increase power
to squelch revolts
Causes of Absolutism
• Religious and territorial conflicts created fear
• Growth of armies causes rulers to raise taxes
• High taxes lead to revolts
Effects
• Regulation of religion
– Controls spread of ideas
• Increase of courts (to appear more powerful)
• Creation of bureaucracies to control
economies
Power and Authority
• The end of European
Feudalism results in:
– Stronger national
governments in:
• Spain, France, Austria, Prussia,
and Russia
• Rise of cities
• Centralized authority
• Absolute Monarchs (AMs)
want control of their
economies
– Free themselves from nobles
• AMs’ power leads to
revolutions
Phillip II and Spain
• Characteristics of Phillip:
– Inherits Spain from father – Charles V
– Rules with iron fist – aggressive
• Seizes Portugal after Port’s king dies (P II: king’s nephew)
• Spain + Portugal = $$$$ and large army
• Gold and silver from Americas
– Hard working
– Religious (defender of Catholicism)
• Religious and economic instability causes trouble
Spanish Decline
• Causes: Inflation and Taxes
– Population growth
– Silver floods market (value drops)
– Expulsion of Muslims and Jews
• Loss of artisans and businessmen
– Nobles paid no taxes
• Tax burden on lower class
• Spain never develops middle class
21.2
Do Now
• How do you think the policies of Colbert and
Louis XIV affect the French economy? Explain
both positive and negative effects.
• Positive: help build and protect French
industries (mercantilism)
• Negative: Drove out Huguenots and overspent
on buildings and war (debt)
France and Religious Wars
• Huguenots massacred
– Nobles attending wedding of Henry
of Navarre and daughter of
Catherine de Medicis
• Henry of Navarre
– Becomes Henry IV (Bourbon
Dynasty of France)
– Converts to Catholicism to send
message of peace
– Allows Huguenots to live in peace
– Declares religious toleration in
Edict of Nantes
• Religious compromise leads to death
– 1610 fanatic stabs Henry to death
Cardinal Richelieu
• Ruler of France
– Louis XIII advisor
• Increases power of Monarchy
– Moves against Hug’s
– No walls around cities
– Nobles must take down castles
– Increases power of middle class (gov.
agents)
• Wants to make France strongest Euro state
– Obstacle: Hapsburg rulers
– Hap’s lands surround France
– Hap’s rule Spain, Austria, Netherlands, parts
of HRE
• Enters Thirty Years’ War
Skepticism
Descartes and Montaigne
• Religious wars cause writers to
question
– Skepticism
• Montaigne
– Develops essay
– No way to know what is truth
– New ideas constantly replaced
• Descartes
– One thing for sure: I exist
– “I think, therefore, I am.” Rene
Descartes
The Boy and Sun King
•
•
•
Louis XIV
– Begins reign at four-years old
– Actual ruler: Cardinal Mazarin
Mazarin
– Increases taxes on nobles
– Strengthens central gov.
Nobles revolt but fail
– Nobles distrusted each other
– Monarch used violence
– Peasants grew weary of disorder and war
• Accept A.M.
Louis Weakens Nobles
• At 22, Louis takes over government
• Weakens nobles
– Excludes them from councils
– Increases power of intendants (tax collectors)
• Dedicates rule to attain economic, political, and cultural
dominance
• Jean Baptiste Colbert: finance minister
– Mercantilism instituted
– Protects French industries
– Wants to manufacture everything (no imports)
• After Colbert dies
– Louis cancels Edict of Nantes
– Artisans and businessmen flee France
Louis’ Wars
• France population soars
– 20 million
– Four times as many as England
– Powerful army
• Louis wants to expand boundaries
– Invades Spanish Netherlands
– Invades Dutch Netherlands
• Expansion causes fear and unity among Euro
nations
– France rules Spain after Louis’ grandson
inherits crown
– France and Spain are united
• England, Austria, Dutch, Portugal, German and
Italian states join together to split France and
Spain
– War of Spanish Succession
Winners and Losers
• Loser: Louis, France, and Spain
– France plunges into debt (war, taxes, and frivolous
spending)
• Winners: GREAT BRITAIN!!
– Gibraltar (controls entrance to Mediterranean)
– Gain permission to send African slaves to Spanish colonies
– France gives Britain Nova Scotia and Newfoundland
– France abandons Hudson Bay region
• Other winners: Austria-Hapsburgs take Spanish Netherlands
and lands in Italy
– Prussia and Savoy recognized as Kingdoms
Louis’s Legacy
• Positive:
– France was a great power
– Leader in art and literature
– Military leader of Europe
• Negative:
– Constant warfare and Versailles plunge France into
debt
– Resentment of taxation of poor leads to problems
for future French monarchs
21.3 Central European Monarchs
Clash
• Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648): Conflict over religion and
territory for power among Euro ruling families
– Lutherans vs. Catholics
• Both threatened by Calvinists
• Lutherans join Protestants
– Catholics form Catholic League
• Cause: Bohemian Protestant Revolt
– Ferdinand II (Catholic ruler) closes Bohemian Protestant
churches
– Ferdy tries to crush revolt and German Prot. Princess
respond
Thirty Years War cont…
• 1618-1648
• First 12 years: Hapsburgs crush Prot. Princes
• Richelieu and Mazarin of France dominate
remaining years of war
• Richelieu joins German and Swedish
Protestants to crush Hapsburg armies
• Effects:
– Germany’s population declines by 4 million
– Trade and agriculture ruins German economy
2 Phase War
• Phase I: Hapsburg triumphs
– First 12 years Hap’s armies (Austria and Spain)
crush Protestant armies.
• Phase II: Haps’ defeats
– 1630 Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden leads
Protestant army – pushes Haps out of Germany
– Richelieu and Mazarin of France continue assault
on Haps (join German and Swedish Prots)
Peace of Westphalia
• Effects of treaty
– Weakens Hapsburg state of Spain and Austria
– France is awarded German territory
– German princes independent of Holy Roman
emperor
– Ended religious wars
– Introduces new method of negotiating peace
• MOST IMPORTANT EFFECT: Modern states begin
without rule of Catholic church
• Europe is now a group of equal, independent
states
A New Europe
Central Europe Forms - Slowly
• Causes of slow versus quick economic
development:
– Serfs won freedom in Western Europe, moved to
cities, created a middle class, and gained
economic power thru capitalism
– Central Europe restricted serf freedom and
movement, kept on farms by nobles to harvest
crops
Weakened Empires
• Ottoman Empire stalls its spread thru Europe
• Polish nobility limits powers of king: no law
courts and no army creates disunity
• Holy Roman Empire weakened
– No longer control German states
• Effect of weakened empires
– Power void for someone to fill
Austrian Hapsburg Map 1700
Maria Theresa
• Father is Charles VI
– Hapsburg ruler over a
diverse group of people
and states
• Czechs, Hungarians, Italians,
Croatians, and Germans
• Convinces Euro leaders to
recognize his daughter as
heir – Maria Theresa
• Faces war with Prussia in
the north
"This woman’s achievements were
those of a great man. I always
respected her. She brought honor to
her gender.” Prussia’s Frederick the
Great
Prussia Challenges Austria
• Prussian ruling family: Hohenzollerns
• Frederick William (Great Elector) secures
strong army for protection
– To do so he uses Divine Right and A.M.
– Refer to themselves as “king” and dissolve
representative assemblies
• Junkers: landowning nobles resist
– Frederick I buys them off: makes them army
officers
Frederick the Great
• Frederick II (The
Great) continues
father’s military
policies, but:
– Encourages religious
toleration
– Legal reform
– Believed ruler should
be more like a parent
to his people
“All religions must be tolerated…for every
man must get to heaven in his own way.”
Frederick II of Prussia
War of Austrian Succession
• Maria T. succeeded her father
• Frederick became king of Prussia, wants and
eventually takes Austrian land (Silesia)
Seven Years War
or French and Indian War
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0qbzNHmfW0
• Maria allies with French
• Frederick signs treaty with Britain (Austria’s
former ally)
• Who’s fighting whom?
– France, Russia, and Austria (FRA) vs. Britain and
Prussia (BP)
• Fred attacks Saxony (Austrian ally)
• Every Euro power joins war
– Europe, India, and North America
• First global war
Seven Years War Map
Britain Wins Again!!
• France and Britain
competing economically
in colonies:
– North America and West
Indies
– India
• France loses colonies in
N.A.
• Britain gains sole
domination of India
21.4
Russian Rulers
• Ivan IV (The Terrible)
– 3 year-old king
• Boyars (landowning nobles) struggle for power with Ivan
• At 16 seizes power from Boyars and marries Boyar woman
(Anastasia)
• “Good” period of reign
– War victories add land, creates code of laws, and ruled justly
• “Bad” period of reign
– Turns against Boyars (wife poisoned)
– Creates secret police
– Murders “traitors,” boyars, peasants
– Kills eldest son
• Ivan dies and weakest son left to rule
Romanovs and Peter the Great
• Russians choose Michael Romanov to succeed
Ivan’s son
– Grandnephew of Ivan’s wife
– Begins Romanov dynasty
• Rom’s restore order
– Strengthen government
– Passes law code squashing revolt
– Paves way for Czar Peter I (Peter the Great)
Peter’s Reforms
• Peter reforms Russia by:
– Wants to compete with Europe economically
– Places Russian Orthodox church under state
control
– Abolishes head of Church
– Reduced power of landowners
– Hires European officers for training army
– Imposes heavy taxes
Peter Westernizes
• In order to westernize
Russia Peter:
– Introduces potatoes
– Starts Russia’s first
newspaper
– Raises women’s status
– Orders nobles to give up
traditional clothing
– Advanced education:
navigation, arts and
sciences
St. Petersburg
• Russia needed seaport to advance education
– Seaport would make it easier to travel and trade with
west
• Peter battles Sweden for piece of Baltic coast
– Russia gains “window to Europe.”
21.5 English Monarchy Limited
• Parliaments financial
power/control was obstacle
to monarchs
• King James Stuart I (England
and Scotland) inherits debt
and issues from Elizabeth I
– Main issue was money
Charles I
• James I dies and his son Charles I takes
over
• Charles needed money for wars against
Spain and France
– Parliament refused to give him money
– Dissolved Parliament
• Petition of Right: document making King
agree to terms for money
– Not imprison people w/o due cause
– Not levy taxes without Parliament’s
consent
– Not hold soldiers in private homes
– Would not impost martial law during
peacetime
Charles cont…
• Charles ignores petition’s terms
– Petition went against the idea of divine right and
A.M.
• Imposes fines and fees
– Popularity declines
• English Civil War begins
– Parliament limits King’s power
– Charles arrests Parliament leaders
– Charles flees London and raises army of
supporters
English Civil War cont…
• War between Royalists
(loyal to Charles) vs.
Puritans
• Oliver Cromwell (Puritan)
creates New Model Army
– Captures Charles
– Charles tried for treason
and executed (1649)
– Never before had a
monarch been executed
Cromwell Rules
• Abolishes monarchy and House of
Lords
• Establishes a commonwealth
(republican form of government)
– A group of countries or states that
have political or economic
connections with one another
– England’s form of government
from the death of Charles I in 1649
to the Restoration in 1660
Charles II
• England’s citizens grew
weary of Cromwell
– Puritan morality strict
– No dancing, sport, and
theatre
• Cromwell dies
– Parliament is reestablished
– Vote to have Charles II rule
• Restoration: period refers
to the restoration of the
monarchy
Habeas Corpus
• H.C.: Guarantee of
freedom passed by
Parliament
– Latin meaning “to have
the body.”
– Gave prisoners the right to
obtain and hear charges
filed against them
– Judge then decides to try
or set prisoner free
James II and Glorious Revolution
• Catholic monarch
– Appoints Catholics to high office (offends public)
– Dissolves Parliament when they oppose him
• James’s eldest daughter, Mary, was Protestant
– Wife of William of Orange (Prince of Netherlands)
– Members of Parl. Ask Will and Mary to overthrow James
– James flees to France
– This overthrow is known as the Glorious Revolution
Limiting a Monarchy
• William and Mary
and the Glorious
Revolution
create:
Constitutional
Monarchy
– A partnership
between a
monarch and
Parliament that
limits the power
of the ruler
Bill of Rights
• 1689 Parliament drafts
English Bill of Rights
– Parliament’s laws may
not be suspended
– No taxes without
permission of
Parliament
– No interfering of
freedom of speech
within Parliament
– Citizens may petition
the King about a
complaint
Cabinet System
• Monarch could not rule without consent of Parliament
– Parliament couldn’t rule w/o consent of the Monarch
– This equals a standstill
• Remedy: A group of government ministers called a Cabinet
– Acted in rulers name, but represented majority party in
Parliament
– Cabinet became center of power and continues today