Transcript MS Science - Verona Public Schools

Chapter Introduction
Lesson 1
Using the
Periodic Table
Lesson 2
Metals
Lesson 3
Nonmetals and
Metalloids
Chapter Wrap-Up
How is the periodic
table used to
classify and provide
information about all
known elements?
What do you think?
Before you begin, decide if you agree or
disagree with each of these statements.
As you view this presentation, see if you
change your mind about any of the
statements.
Do you agree or disagree?
1. The elements on the periodic table are
arranged in rows in the order they were
discovered.
2. The properties of an element are
related to the element’s location on the
periodic table.
3. Fewer than half of the elements are
metals.
Do you agree or disagree?
4. Metals are usually good conductors of
electricity.
5. Most of the elements in living things are
nonmetals.
6. Even though they look very different,
oxygen and sulfur share some similar
properties.
Using the Periodic Table
• How are elements arranged on the
periodic table?
• What can you learn about elements
from the periodic table?
Using the Periodic Table
• periodic table
• group
• period
What is the periodic table?
• The periodic table is a chart of the
elements arranged into rows and
columns according to their physical
and chemical properties.
• It can be used to determine the
relationships among the elements.
Developing a Periodic Table
• When Russian chemist Dimitri
Mendeleev was working on classifying
the elements, he placed his list of
elements into a table and arranged
them in rows of increasing atomic
mass.
• Elements with similar properties were
grouped in the same column.
Mendeleev noticed that melting point is one
property that shows a repeating pattern.
Developing a Periodic Table (cont.)
• Boiling point and reactivity also follow a
periodic pattern.
• Mendeleev believed that the atomic
masses of certain elements must be
invalid because the elements appeared
in the wrong place on the periodic table.
• He placed elements whose properties
resembled each other’s closer together
in the table.
When Moseley listed the elements
according to atomic number, columns
contained elements with similar properties,
such as copper, silver, and gold.
Developing a Periodic Table (cont.)
What determines where an
element is located on the
periodic table you use today?
Today’s Periodic Table
You can identify many of the properties of an
element from its placement on the periodic
table.
period
Science Use the completion of a
cycle; a row on the periodic table
Common Use a point used to mark
the end of a sentence; a time frame
The table is organized into columns, rows, and
blocks, which are based on certain patterns of
properties.
Today’s Periodic Table (cont.)
• The element key shows an element’s
chemical symbol, atomic number, and
atomic mass.
• The key also contains a symbol that
shows the state of matter at
room temperature.
Today’s Periodic Table (cont.)
• A group is a column on the periodic table.
• Elements in the same group have similar
chemical properties and react with other
elements in
similar ways.
Today’s Periodic Table (cont.)
What can you infer about the
properties of two elements in
the same group?
Today’s Periodic Table (cont.)
• The rows on the periodic table are
called periods.
• The atomic number of each element
increases by one as you read from left
to right across each period.
Today’s Periodic Table (cont.)
• Metals are on the left side and in the
middle of the periodic table.
• With the exception of hydrogen,
nonmetals are located on the right side
of the periodic table.
• Between the metals and the nonmetals
on the periodic table are the metalloids.
How Scientists Use the Periodic
Table
Even today, new elements are created in
laboratories, named, and added to the
present-day periodic table.
How Scientists Use the Periodic
Table (cont.)
• Scientists can use the periodic table to
predict the properties of new elements
they create.
• The periodic table contains more than
100 elements, each with its unique
properties that differ from the
properties of other elements.
• On the periodic table, elements are
arranged according to increasing
atomic numbers and similar properties.
• A column of the periodic table is called
a group. Elements in the same group
have similar properties.
• A row of the periodic table is called a
period. Properties of elements repeat
in the same pattern from left to right
across each period.
How did Mendeleev arrange
elements when he first used a
table to classify elements?
A. columns of increasing atomic mass
B. rows of increasing atomic mass
C. rows of increasing atomic number
D. rows of decreasing atomic number
What does the element key of a
periodic table indicate?
A. chemical symbol
B. atomic number
C. atomic mass
D. all of these
Where are all nonmetals (with the
exception of hydrogen) located
on the periodic table?
A. top half
B. right side
C. left side
D. bottom half
Do you agree or disagree?
1. The elements on the periodic table are
arranged in rows in the order they were
discovered.
2. The properties of an element are
related to the element’s location on the
periodic table.
Metals
• What elements are metals?
• What are the properties of metals?
Metals
• metal
• alkali metal
• luster
• alkaline earth
metal
• ductility
• malleability
• transition element
What is a metal?
• More than three-quarters of the
elements on the periodic table are
metals.
• With the exception of hydrogen, all of
the elements in groups 1-12 on the
periodic table are metals.
• Some of the elements in groups 13-15
are metals.
What is a metal? (cont.)
To be a metal, an element must have
certain properties.
How does the position of an
element on the periodic table
allow you to determine if the
element is a metal?
What is a metal? (cont.)
• A metal is an element that is generally
shiny. It is easily pulled into wires or
hammered into thin sheets. A metal is
a good conductor of electricity and
thermal energy.
• Luster describes the ability of a metal
to reflect light.
What is a metal? (cont.)
Ductility is the ability to be pulled into
thin wires.
ductility
from Latin ductilis, means “may
be led or drawn”
What is a metal? (cont.)
• Malleability is the ability of a
substance to be hammered or rolled
into sheets.
• Gold is so malleable that it can be
hammered into thin sheets.
• In general the density, strength, boiling
point, and melting point of a metal are
greater than those of other elements.
What is a metal? (cont.)
What are some physical
properties of metals?
Group 1: Alkali Metals
• The elements in group 1 are called
alkali metals.
• The alkali metals include lithium,
sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium,
and francium.
• Alkali metals react quickly with other
elements, such as oxygen and in
nature, occur only in compounds.
Group 1: Alkali Metals (cont.)
Alkali metals react violently with water.
They are also soft enough to be cut with
a knife.
Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals
• The elements in group 2 on the
periodic table are called alkaline earth
metals.
• The alkaline earth metals are beryllium,
magnesium, calcium, strontium,
barium, and radium.
Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals (cont.)
Pure alkaline earth metals do not occur
naturally but instead combine with other
elements and form compounds.
Groups 3-12: Transition Elements
The elements in groups 3-12 are called
transition elements.
Groups 3-12: Transition Elements
(cont.)
• Transition elements are in a block at
the center and two rows at the bottom
of the periodic table.
• Many colorful materials contain small
amounts of transition elements.
Groups 3-12: Transition Elements
(cont.)
• All transition elements are metals with
higher melting points, greater strength,
and higher densities than the alkali
metals and the alkaline earth metals.
• Because of their high densities,
strength, and resistance to corrosion,
transition elements make good building
materials.
Groups 3-12: Transition Elements
(cont.)
Two rows of transition elements—the
lanthanide and actinide series—were removed
from the main part of the table so that periods
6 and 7 were not longer than the other periods.
Patterns in Properties of Metals
Metallic properties include luster,
malleability, and electrical conductivity.
• Properties of metals include
conductivity, luster, malleability, and
ductility.
• Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals
react easily with other elements. These
metals make up groups 1 and 2 on the
periodic table.
• Transition elements make up groups
3-12 and the lanthanide and actinide
series on the periodic table.
Which term describes the ability
of a metal to reflect light?
A. malleability
B. ductility
C. luster
D. alkaline
Which of the following is true of
alkaline earth metals?
A. They all belong to the same
period.
B. They react quickly with other
elements.
C. They include gold.
D. All of the above are true.
Which of the following distinguishes
transition elements from alkali metals?
A. Transition elements have higher
melting points.
B. Transition elements have greater
strength.
C. Transition elements have higher
densities.
D. All of the above are true.
Do you agree or disagree?
3. Fewer than half of the elements are
metals.
4. Metals are usually good conductors of
electricity.
Nonmetals and Metalloids
• Where are nonmetals and metalloids
on the periodic table?
• What are the properties of nonmetals
and metalloids?
Nonmetals and Metalloids
• nonmetal
• halogen
• noble gas
• metalloid
• semiconductor
The Elements of Life
More than 96 percent
of the mass of the
human body comes
from four nonmetals–
oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, and
nitrogen.
The Elements of Life (cont.)
• Nonmetals are elements that have no
metallic properties.
• The four elements that make up most
of the human body, along with
phosphorus and sulfur, are the six
elements in proteins, fats, nucleic
acids, and other large molecules in
your body and in all other living things.
How are nonmetals different from
metals?
• Nonmetals have properties that are
different from those of metals.
• Many nonmetals are gases at room
temperature and those that are solid at
room temperature have a dull surface,
which means they have no luster.
• Because nonmetals are poor conductors
of electricity and thermal energy, they
are good insulators.
Phosphorus and carbon are dull, brittle
solids that do not conduct thermal energy
or electricity.
How are nonmetals different from
metals? (cont.)
What properties do nonmetals
have?
How are nonmetals different from
metals? (cont.)
An element in group 17 of the periodic
table is galled a halogen.
halogen
from Greek hals, means “salt”;
and –gen, means “to produce”
How are nonmetals different from
metals? (cont.)
The term halogen refers to an element that
can react with a metal and form a salt.
How are nonmetals different from
metals? (cont.)
• Halogens react readily with other
elements and form compounds.
• Halogens can only occur naturally in
compounds.
• In general, halogens are less reactive
as you move down the group.
How are nonmetals different from
metals? (cont.)
The elements in group 18 are known as
the noble gases.
How are nonmetals different from
metals? (cont.)
• Unlike the halogens, the only way
elements in this group react with other
elements is under special conditions in
a laboratory.
• Of all the elements, hydrogen has the
smallest atomic mass and is the most
common element in the universe.
How are nonmetals different from
metals? (cont.)
• Hydrogen is most often classified as a
nonmetal because it has many
properties like those of nonmetals.
• However, hydrogen also has some
properties similar to those of the group 1
alkali metals.
• Under conditions on Earth, hydrogen
usually behaves as a nonmetal.
Between the metals and the nonmetals
on the periodic table are elements known
as metalloids.
Metalloids (cont.)
• A metalloid is an element that has
physical and chemical properties of both
metals and nonmetals.
• The elements boron, silicon, germanium,
arsenic, antimony, tellurium, polonium,
and astatine are metalloids.
• Silicon is the most abundant metalloid in
the universe.
Metalloids (cont.)
Where are metalloids on the
periodic table?
Metalloids (cont.)
• A property of metalloids is the ability to
act as a semiconductor.
• A semiconductor conducts electricity
at high temperatures, but not at low
temperatures.
Metalloids (cont.)
Silicon is used in making semiconductor
devices for computers and other electronic
products.
semiconductor
from Latin semi-, means “half”;
and conducere, means “to bring
together”
Metals, Nonmetals, and
Metalloids
• An element’s position on the periodic
table tells you a lot about the element.
• Understanding the properties of
elements can help you decide which
element to use in a given situation.
• A nonmetal is an element that has no
metallic properties. Solid nonmetals are
dull and brittle and do not conduct
thermal energy or electricity.
• Halogens and noble gases are
nonmetals. These elements are
found in group 17 and group 18 of
the periodic table.
• Metalloids have some metallic
properties and some nonmetallic
properties. The most important use
of metalloids is as semiconductors.
What term refers to elements in
group 18 that only react with other
elements under special laboratory
conditions?
A. halogen
B. nonmetals
C. noble gases
D. metalloid
Which term refers to an element that
conducts electricity at high
temperatures, but not at low
temperatures?
A. metal
B. conductor
C. halogen
D. semiconductor
Which term refers to an element
that can react with a metal and
form a salt?
A. halogen
B. noble gas
C. semiconductor
D. none of the above
Do you agree or disagree?
5. Most of the elements in living things
are nonmetals.
6. Even though they look very different,
oxygen and sulfur share some similar
properties.
Key Concept Summary
Interactive Concept Map
Chapter Review
Standardized Test Practice
Elements are
organized on the
periodic table
according to
increasing atomic
number and similar
properties.
Lesson 1: Using the Periodic Table
• Elements are organized on the periodic table by
increasing atomic number and similar properties.
• Elements in the same group, or column, of the
periodic table have similar properties.
• Elements’ properties change across a period, which
is a row of the
periodic table.
• Each element key
on the periodic table
provides the name,
symbol, atomic
number, and atomic
mass for an element.
Lesson 2: Metals
• Metals are located on the left and middle parts of
the periodic table.
• Metals are elements that have ductility, malleability,
luster, and conductivity.
• The alkali metals are in group 1 of the periodic table,
and the alkaline earth metals are in group 2.
• Transition elements are metals in groups 3-12 of the
periodic table, as
well as the lanthanide
and actinide series.
Lesson 3: Nonmetals and Metalloids
• Nonmetals are on the right side of the periodic table, and
metalloids are located between metals and nonmetals.
• Nonmetals are elements
that have no metallic
properties. Solid
nonmetals are dull in
appearance, brittle, and
do not conduct electricity.
Metalloids are elements
that have properties of
both metals and nonmetals.
• Some metalloids are semiconductors.
• Elements in group 17 are called halogens, and elements
in group 18 are noble gases.
Can new elements created in
laboratories be added to the
periodic table?
A. no
B. yes
C. Maybe, but it has never been done.
D. none of these
What is another name for a
column on the periodic table?
A. group
B. row
C. period
D. block
Which term refers to a metal’s
ability to be pulled into thin
wires?
A. luster
B. ductility
C. malleability
D. alkali
What term refers to elements that
have no metallic properties?
A. metalloids
B. metals
C. nonmetals
D. semiconductors
More than 96 percent of the mass of
the human body comes from four
nonmetals—oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, and what else?
A. boron
B. silicon
C. nitrogen
D. none of these
Where are metals found on the
periodic table?
A. top
B. left side and in the middle
C. right side
D. bottom
Which group of metals includes
sodium, potassium, and cesium?
A. alkali metals
B. alkaline earth metals
C. transitional elements
D. nonmetals
Which term refers to the ability of
a substance to be hammered or
rolled into sheets?
A. luster
B. ductility
C. malleability
D. conductivity
Of all the elements, which one
has the smallest atomic mass?
A. carbon
B. sulfur
C. hydrogen
D. nitrogen
Metallic properties of the
elements tend to do what as you
move down a group?
A. increase
B. decrease
C. remain the same
D. none of these