Transcript Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

Sea Power and Maritime
Affairs
Lesson 5.17: The U.S. Navy Since 2001
Enabling Objectives
• DESCRIBE events leading up to the 2001 invasion of
Afghanistan, including President George W. Bush’s
foreign policy doctrine before and after September 11,
2001.
• EXPLAIN roles of the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps in
Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi
Freedom.
• Know the essential elements of the document “A
Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power”
(October 2007).
Pre 9/11 Mission of the U.S. Navy
• 1990-2001: Defense spending declines by $100
billion each year.
• 1990-1994: Decline to 400 ships.
• 1994: Forward…From the Sea
– Forward presence and power projection from sea to land.
“The Navy and Marine Corps Team responded to
national tasking, on average, at least once every
three weeks during 1998. Navy forces were called
upon to demonstrate their multipurpose
capabilities in myriad assignment, ranging from
combat operations to humanitarian assistance
commitments.”
- SECDEF William Cohen
Pre 9/11 Mission of the U.S. Navy
“We are seeking to incite
the Islamic Nation to rise
up to liberate its land and
to conduct Jihad for the
sake of God.”
- Osama bin Laden
Oct 2000 – USS COLE
attacked resulting in
the death of 17
Sailors and 39 injured.
President Bush, 2000
• Emphasis during 2000
presidential campaign was to
modernize the U.S. military.
• President Bush’s plan
included:
– Missile Defense System
– Engagement of Hostile states
– Dialogue with China
– Willingness to not use nuclear
weapons
September 11, 2001
• 19 hijackers murdered 3,497
-
2,735 civilians in the WTC
87 aboard AA Flight 11
60 aboard United Flight 175
343 NYC firefighters and rescuers
23 NYC police officers
84 Port Authority workers
36 aboard United Flight 93
64 aboard AA Flight 77
125 people in the Pentagon
Terrorism
“The calculated use of unlawful
violence or threat of unlawful
violence to inculcate fear;
intended to coerce or to
intimidate governments or
societies in the pursuit of goals
that are generally political,
religious, or ideological.”
- Joint Pub 3-07.2, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures for Anti Terrorism
Terrorism
“Premeditated, politically
motivated violence perpetrated
against non-combatant targets
by sub-national groups or
clandestine agents, usually
intended to influence an
audience.”
- U.S. Dept of State
Post 9/11 Challenges
• The Bush Administration
had to bring firepower to
an area with no immediate
military base support.
• Sea-based carrier warfare.
• Network-centric concepts
– use a limited, precision
force.
• Coalition forces.
America’s First Responders
• CNO Admiral Vern
Clark, 2000-2005
– Quote from page 289, In
Peace and War
– Carrier Strike Groups.
– Expeditionary Strike
Groups.
Operation Enduring Freedom
October 7, 2001-Present Day
• Mission: Defeat the Taliban government and Al
Qaeda terrorists.
• Navy CSG’s: Conducted Air/Strike/Intel/Recon
Warfare.
– Also served as a Special Operations Platform.
• Navy ESG’s: Conducted strike and ground
combat operations.
– Marines advance 450 miles inland to seize Afghan
airfield.
• Longest, continual war U.S. has fought in our
nation’s history.
Maritime War
• Through November, carriers
were the only source of
tactical air strikes.
• USS Enterprise, Carl Vinson,
Theodore Roosevelt, and
John C. Stennis
• Naval aircraft flew ¾ of all
sorties, dropped 1/3 of all
bombs.
Operation Enduring Freedom:
Timeline
• October 2001: Coalition combat operations
begin.
• October-December 2001: Coalition forces drive
out the Taliban from its strong holds in Mazar-iSharif, Kabul, Kunduz and Kandahar.
• December 2001: The International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF) established by the UN.
• 2002: U.S. seeks out and eliminates Taliban and
Al Qaeda forces in the mountainous regions
(caves/guerilla warfare).
– Coalition forces reach over 10,000.
– Afghanistan has an interim government
Operation Enduring Freedom:
Timeline (continued)
• 2003-2005: Taliban forces regroup and
begin more offensive raids.
– Coalition forces change mission to seek out
and attack smaller enemy tribes.
• 2006-2007: Major fighting/combat
operations shift towards Southern
Afghanistan.
• 2008-2009: Reassessment and renewed
commitment.
– Troop surge of US forces from 24,000 to
48,000 by the end 2009.
Operation Iraqi Freedom
March 2003- Sept 2010
• Primary mission: End the regime of Saddam
Hussein and to identify, isolate, and eliminate
Iraq’s WMD.
• March-December 2003: Air/Strike Warfare
dominance. Ground troops push through and
capture Baghdad. Saddam captured.
• 2004-2005: Insurgency up rise leads to major
combat operations in Western and Northern
Iraq (Ramadi/Fulujah and Mosul).
Operation Iraqi Freedom
March 2003-Sep 2010 (contd.)
• 2005-2006: Iraq begins to form new
government (Saddam killed) .
• 2007: Ordered Troop surge of 20,000
ground forces.
• 2008-2009: Major combat operations have
severely declined.
– Large military bases and patrols have been
turned over to Iraqi military and police.
OEF/OIF Change of Direction
• Primary Mission is still to seek out and eliminate
Taliban/Al Qaeda/Terrorist cell organizations
(Counter Insurgency).
• New Mission/Objectives:
– Train foreign military and police forces (Small
training teams made up of SME’s).
– Work with and provide aid to local
governments in order to establish a strong
working democratic structure (Provincial
Reconstruction Teams).
– Plan and execute a responsible draw down
and removal of troops.
“ONE OF THE SERIOUS PROBLEMS IN
PLANNING AGAINST AMERICAN DOCTRINE IS
THAT THE AMERICANS DO NOT READ THEIR
MANUALS NOR DO THEY FEEL ANY
OBLIGATIONS TO FOLLOW THEIR DOCTRINE.”
- FROM A SOVIET DOCUMENT “THE REASON THAT THE AMERICAN NAVY
DOES SO WELL IN WARTIME IS THAT WAR
IS CHAOS, AND THE AMERICAN NAVY
PRACTICES CHAOS ON A DAILY BASIS.”
- A GERMAN OFFICER DURING WWII -
U.S. Maritime Strategy
• A Cooperative Strategy for 21st
Century Seapower
• Signed by the CNO, the
Commandant of the USMC,
and the Commandant of the
USCG in Oct 2007.
• “Our challenge is to apply sea
power in a manner that
protects U.S. vital interests
even as it promotes greater
collective security, stability,
and trust.”
A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century
Sea Power
• Preventing war is as important as winning wars.
• Cooperative maritime relationships is the basis for global
maritime security.
• Elevates importance of Humanitarian Assistance/ Disaster
Relief
• Main Goal: Leverage all elements of national power Diplomatic, Informational, Military, Economic (DIME); Joint,
Interagency and NGO cooperation.
Core Capabilities of U.S. Maritime
Power
• Emphasizes activities that prevent war and build
partnerships with our allies.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Forward Presence
Deterrence
Sea Control
Power Projection
Maritime Security
Humanitarian
Assistance & Disaster
Response
Challenges for the U.S. Navy
• Chinese Modernization
• Iran and North Korea
• Number of naval ships declined
from 592 to 283 between 1989
and 2009.
• Navy and Marine Corps tactical
aircraft are over 15 years old.
• Ticonderoga-class cruisers are
nearly 20 years old.
• The current U.S. submarine
fleet is half the size of the 1965
fleet (from 104-52).
Enabling Objectives
• DESCRIBE events leading up to the 2001 invasion of
Afghanistan, including President George W. Bush’s
foreign policy doctrine before and after September 11,
2001.
• EXPLAIN roles of the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps in
Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi
Freedom.
• Know the essential elements of the document “A
Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power”
(October 2007).
Questions???
WE ARE DONE!!!