Transcript Strategien und Instrumente zum Ausbau erneuerbarer

Implementing EU Integrated Climate Change &
Energy Policy up to 2020 – Sharing the Efforts
7th Inter-Parliamentary Meeting on Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy:
Developments and Perspectives
Martin SCHÖPE
Federal Ministry for the Environment,
Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
Berlin, 5th October 2007
EUROPEAN COUNCIL 2007
Historical decision up to 2020:
-30/-20% / + 20% / + 20%
• Climate change:
limit temperature increase to 2°C
>-30% GHG emissions / at least -20% GHG
• Energy security: reduce import dependence
• Competitiveness: innovative industries
> 20 % Renewable Energy (2005: 6.5 %)
> Saving 20% of EU’s energy consumption
2
 RE development in Germany
 RE future targets and perspectives in
Germany
 Some elements for the new EU Directive
for RE
3
Contribution of renewable energy sources to
energy supply in Germany 2000 - 2006
14
12.0
12
10
2000
2001
2002
2004*
2005*
2006*
2003
8.0
[%]
8
5.8 6.3
6.6
6.0**
6
3.9
4
3.8
2.6
2
0.4
0
Share of RE in total PEC
Share of RE in total gross
electricity consum ption
Share of RE in total FEC for
heat
Share of RE in fuel
consum ption for road
traffic
Share of RE in total FEC
(electricity, heat, fuels)
RE - renewable energies, PEC - primary energy consumption, FEC - final energy consumption
* All figures provisional
** From 2003, new data from the Energy Statistics ACT (EnStatG) incorporated
Source: BMU-Brochure " Renewable energy sources in figures – national and international development-" Version: June 2007
Contribution of renewable energy sources to
energy supply in Germany 2000 - 2006
14
12.0
12
10
2000
2001
2002
2004*
2005*
2006*
2003
8.0
[%]
8
5.8 6.3
6.6
6.0**
6
3.9
4
3.8
2.6
2
0.4
0
Share of RE in total PEC
Share of RE in total gross
electricity consum ption
Share of RE in total FEC for
heat
Share of RE in fuel
consum ption for road
traffic
Share of RE in total FEC
(electricity, heat, fuels)
RE - renewable energies, PEC - primary energy consumption, FEC - final energy consumption
* All figures provisional
** From 2003, new data from the Energy Statistics ACT (EnStatG) incorporated
Source: BMU-Brochure " Renewable energy sources in figures – national and international development-" Version: June 2007
Electricity Generation from RE
80.000
Electricity generation from::
Hydropower Wind energy Biomass*
Photovoltaic
Geothermal energy
70.000
60.000
[GWh/a]
50.000
40.000
30.000
20.000
10.000
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
6
The Instrument:
Feed in Tariff System: EEG (I)
• Priority access for RE to the power grid
• Priority transmission and distribution
• Obligation of grid operators to purchase
the electricity produced from RE
• Fixed price (“tariff”) for every kilowatt
hour produced from RE for 20 years
7
EEG (II)
• Equalisation of additional costs for electricity
from RE between all grid operators and
electricity suppliers
• All different types of RE are considered and
tariffs are differentiated by source and size of
the plant
• Annual decrease (-1,5% - -6,5%) due to
technical development (degression)
8
Contribution of renewable energy sources to
energy supply in Germany 2000 - 2006
14
12.0
12
10
2000
2001
2002
2004*
2005*
2006*
2003
8.0
[%]
8
5.8 6.3
6.6
6.0**
6
3.9
4
3.8
2.6
2
0.4
0
Share of RE in total PEC
Share of RE in total gross
electricity consum ption
Share of RE in total FEC for
heat
Share of RE in fuel
consum ption for road
traffic
Share of RE in total FEC
(electricity, heat, fuels)
RE - renewable energies, PEC - primary energy consumption, FEC - final energy consumption
* All figures provisional
** From 2003, new data from the Energy Statistics ACT (EnStatG) incorporated
Source: BMU-Brochure " Renewable energy sources in figures – national and international development-" Version: June 2007
Heat supply from RE
100.000
90.000
2.000
Biomass(inl.biogenic waste)
Solar thermal
Geothermal energy
80.000
1.532
70.000
2.465
[GWh/a]
60.000
50.000
1.433
1.384
1.429
857
1.037
1.279
1.447
1.483
1.626
1.955
3.400
1.558
1.586
2.960
2.573
83.900
40.000
55.326
30.000
51.613
50.951
1998
1999
54.314
70.346
72.259
2003
2004
76.014
54.626
20.000
10.000
0
2000
2001
2002
2005
2006
10
The Instrument:
The Market Incentive Program (MAP)
Supports of 2000-2006:
• Investment grants and loans for 2000- 2006: 827 Mio. €
• Investment volumes of the promoted measures: 6,5 Billion €
Balance of 2006:
• conveyances: about 160 Mio. €
• Investment volumes: about 1,6 Billion €
11
Contribution of renewable energy sources to
energy supply in Germany 2000 - 2006
14
12.0
12
10
2000
2001
2002
2004*
2005*
2006*
2003
8.0
[%]
8
5.8 6.3
6.6
6.0**
6
3.9
4
3.8
2.6
2
0.4
0
Share of RE in total PEC
Share of RE in total gross
electricity consum ption
Share of RE in total FEC for
heat
Share of RE in fuel
consum ption for road
traffic
Share of RE in total FEC
(electricity, heat, fuels)
RE - renewable energies, PEC - primary energy consumption, FEC - final energy consumption
* All figures provisional
** From 2003, new data from the Energy Statistics ACT (EnStatG) incorporated
Source: BMU-Brochure " Renewable energy sources in figures – national and international development-" Version: June 2007
Contribution of renewable energy sources to fuel supply
in Germany 1991 - 2006
45,000
40,000
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
Vegetable oil
7,416
35,000
25,000
2,047
20,000
1,936
18,600
[GWh]
28,933
3,573
30,000
0
2
52
103
258
310
517
827 1,033
1,343 2,583
5,683
3,617
5,000
8,267
484
10,000
10,850
15,000
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Sources: BMU-Brochure " Renew able energy sources in f igures – national and international development-" Version: June 2007
provisional f igures
Biofuels: Fiscal regulations
• Until 31.7.2006 all biofuels were exempted from
energy taxation
• High value of energy tax exemption:
- tax rate on diesel fuel: 47 Ct/l
- tax rate gasoline: 65 Ct/l
• Driver for change of support system were tax
expenditure losses
• System change from 1.1.2007
from price regulation (by tax exemption)
to quantity regulation (by quota system)
14
Quota on biofuels
•
•
•
•
quota system starts 1.1.2007
based on energy content
sub-quotas - remain valid also after 2009
current share is more than doubled until 2015:
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Diesel fuel
4.4% 4.4%
4.4%
4.4%
4.4%
4.4%
4.4%
4.4% 4.4%
Gasoline
1.2% 2.0%
2.8%
3.6%
3.6%
3.6%
3.6%
3.6% 3.6%
6.25%
6.75%
7.0%
7.25%
7.5%
7.75% 8.0%
Total
quota
15
Results of RE (I): Saved CO2 emissions
Emissions avoided through the use
of renewable energy sources in Germany in 2006
68.1 m t
Electricity
20.7 m t
Heat
total: 101.5 m t
12.7 m t
Fuels
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
CO2 reduction [m t]
Hydropower
Wind energy
Biomass
Photovoltaics
Geothermal energy
Solar thermal energy
Biofuels
Sources: BMU-Brochure " Renew able energy sources in figures – national and international development-" Version: June 2007
provisional figures
16
Results of RE (II): New industry
Total turnover with renewable energy sources
in Germany in 2006
Total: approx. € 22.9 billion
Biomass;
€ 9,100 m; 39.8%
Solar energy;
€ 6,240 m;
27.3%
Wind energy;
€ 5,650 m; 24.7%
Hydropower;
€ 1,280 m; 5.6%
Geothermal energy;
€ 590 m; 2.6%
Sources: BMU-Brochure " Renew able energy sources in figures – national and international development-" Version: June 2007
provisional figures
Results of RE (III): Employment
73.800
Wind energy
64.000
91.900
Biomass
56.700
35.000
Solar energy
25.000
2006: ca. 214,000 employees
9.200
9.500
Hydropower
2004: ca. 157,000 employees
4.100
Geothermal energy
1.800
0
10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000 80.000 90.000 100.00
0
18
RE future targets and perspectives
Comprehensive energy and climate change programme
(Meseberg, August 2007)
Objectives for RE for 2020
• Electricity generation:
25-30%
EEG continues
• Heating:
14%
Incentives + obligation
• Biofuels:
17%
Quota / Blending

RE Target 2020:
18-19% (FEC)
19
German RE-Electricity Production
1990-2030
260
2020
240
249
Wind offshore
19%
Wind Land
220
32%
200
Biomasse
Wasser EEG
2006
160
Wind L and
42%
140
Wind offshore
0%
Solarenergie
3%
156
6%
Biomasse
22%
nicht EEG-
Geothermie
relevant
2%
16%
120
100
Wasser EEG
6%
80
Solarenergie
3%
nicht EEGrelevant
27%
Ge othermie
0%
92
74
60
37
40
20
19
0
19
9
19 1
9
19 2
1993
9
19 4
9
19 5
9
19 6
9
19 7
9
19 8
9
20 9
2000
0
20 1
0
20 2
0
20 3
0
20 4
0
20 5
0
20 6
2007
0
20 8
0
20 9
1
20 0
1
20 1
1
20 2
2013
1
20 4
1
20 5
1
20 6
1
20 7
1
20 8
1
20 9
2020
2
20 1
2
20 2
2
20 3
2
20 4
2
20 5
2
20 6
2027
2
20 8
2
20 9
30
Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]
22%
180
Wass er EEG-relev ant
Wind Land
Wind of fs hore
Biomasse
Solarenergie
Geothermie
nicht EEG-relevant
Source: EEG-EB, BMU Entwurf, Stand Juni 2007
20
Additional EEG-Costs 1990-2030
Development ofEntwicklung
the estimated
differential
costs and the additional
der erwarteten
Differenzkosten
und der
Haushalte
(pro
Person*
und
Monat)
EEG-Costs
forEEG-Umlage
householdsfür
( per
person
and
month,
basis
2007)
Preisbasis 2007
6,0
1,50
4,0
3,0
1,00
2,0
0,50
EEG-Um lage und
Differenzkosten für
Variante "ext. Kosten"
1,0
Wasserkraft
Photovoltaik
Wind Land
Biomasse
Wind offshore
Geothermie
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
0,0
2007
0,00
EEG-Differenzkosten [Mrd. €]
5,0
EEG-Um lage und
Differenzkosten für
"Hauptvariante"
2006
EEG-Umlage [€ je Monat]
2,00
* Haus halt s -St ro mverb rauch p ro Ko p f ca. 1.70 0 kWh / J ahr
Quelle: AG Energ ieb ilanzen, EWI-Pro g no s 2 0 0 7
21
Benefits of RE
Example of Germany, 2006:
• 5 bn EURO: Lower Wholesale price for
electricity
• 0.9 bn EURO: Savings of Fuel imports
• 3.4 bn EURO: Avoided damage from
climate change and air pollution
22
Starting points for EU-Policy
1. RE-Share 2020: 20%!
2. All Member States have to exploit their
potentials, all technologies are required
3. New Directive has to be compatible with
successful MS policies and instruments
4. No disruption of markets
23
How do we get there?
G reen X balanced scenario projection of renew able ener gy gr owth (GW h, EU25)
B iofuels
3.000
S olar thermal heating
W ind offshore
2.500
W ind onshore
Tide & wave
2.000
S olar thermal electricity
1.500
P hotovoltaics
Geothermal heat & heat
pumps
1.000
Geothermal electricity
B iom ass, biogas,
biowaste - H
500
B iom ass, biogas,
biowaste - E
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Source: COM Communication on RE-Roadmap
2020
Hydro
24
Additional RES-E penetration 1997 - 2005
Additional RES-E generation 1997-2005 as share
of gross electricity demand in 2005 [%]
20.0%
Feed-in systems
18.0%
Quota Systems
16.0%
Tax Incentives
14.0%
12.0%
10.0%
8.0%
6.0%
4.0%
2.0%
0.0%
AT BE DK
FI
FR DE GR IE
IT
LU NL PT ES SE UK CY CZ EE HU LA LT MT PL SK
Source: Fraunhofer ISI
SI BG RO
25
Policies for the three sectors
• Biofuels: based on consumption („placing
on the market“ through blending / quota
obligation)
• Heating/Cooling: based on production
• Electricity: based on production
• Additional consumption element
“Compensation”/”Trade”/”Balancing”
26
“Mandatory” Trade (1)
• RE producer can sell their GC/GoO to any other
market actor or Member State:
– Phyical RE power has to be integrated in the
„exporting“ MS system
– RE share is counted against the „importing“ MS
target
27
„Mandatory Trade“ (2)
1.
Mandatory Trade of GC/GoO destroys Feed-in
Tariffs when applicable in parallel
2. Countries with low cost potentials/ technologies
will lose that potential
3. Additional costs
• Case of Germany:
~ 4 Billion €/α 2020 for Germany
> Trade ~ 40% more expensive
> Loss of public acceptance
• EU-wide: 100 Billion € up to 2020
28
„Mandatory“ trade (3)
29
“Voluntary” Trade
• Pending on Government agreement and criteria:
(similar to the existing RES-E Directive)
> Trade after the national target is reached
(interim targets)
> time period for the purchase (life time?)
> Technology differentiation
• Compatible with existing national policies
30
“Balancing Model”
Financial Equalisation/Compensation
Idea:
Equal sharing of the additional costs in all MS
1.
MS with strong RE increase receive a compensation
(according to the average of the additional costs)
2.
MS with slow RE increase participate in the additional
costs and benefit in accounting for their target by the
amount of financial participation
>
Separation of RE generation from additional costs
(Example: EEG)
31
Balancing (2): Lowest Costs
Balancing of costs on the basis of a harmonised
premium: 15 € / MWh (for all RES-E sources)
•corresponds approximately to 1/3 of the total
transfer costs
•good approximation for the ratio of national
and international benefits
Example for new RES-E generation in the EU-27 until 2015:
Total Payments:
43 bn € ./. 480 TWh (RE) = ca. 9 ct/kWh
EU Transfer:
7.2 bn € = ca. 1.5 ct/kWh (=„premium“)
7.2 bn € ./. 3500 TWh (total Power) = ca.
0.2 ct/kWh (add. costs for each consumer)
32
“Balancing Model” (3)
Benefits:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Compatible with existing policies in MS
Encourages allocation at the best locations
Starts immediately
This model complies with the internal market
rules
5. New EU Agricultural Policy ?
NO! Introduce a degression rate
33
Essential elements of the new EU RE
Make (national) instruments strong!
• Sector targets, interim targets
• Priority connection for RE - electricity
• Sustainability criteria for bioenergy
• Sufficient level of support
• Streamlining planning procedures
• Sanctions for non-compliance
34
Conclusions (1)
• Balancing Model and „voluntary“ trade with
MS agreement can complement existing
policies
– Both can be combined (interim targets)
• Balancing Model redistributes imediately
• GC/GoO exchange will start later
35
Conclusions (2)
• Interrelation of RE expansion with
GHG reduction policy:
– Consideration of RE share within
calculation of EU ETS
– But separate policy instruments:
CO2 price is not sufficient for
20 % RE target
36
Together we can make it.
Porto
The future is promising!
20%
7%
Thank you for your attention !
37