Transcript Permit Required Confined Space Controls

Confined Space Entry
Confined Space Entry
A Training Program for Entrants and Attendants
Confined Space Entry
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Establish Confined Space’s Role in Today’s Industry.
 Discuss OSHA’S requirements for Confined Spaces.
 Discuss Principle Hazards involved with CS Entry.
 Discuss Basic Skills in Hazard Recognition & Control.
 Discuss Confined Space Assessment Techniques.
 Discuss Confined Space Fall Protection Systems.
 Discuss Hazards Associated with Fall Protection.
 Discuss Rescue and Retrieval Requirements.
Confined Space Entry
BASIS FOR THIS COURSE
 1.6 Million Workers Enter Confined Spaces Annually.
 The Standard is Expected to Reduce Accidents by 85%.
 Untrained Rescuers Account for 60% of Annual Deaths.
 Most workers who survive lose time from their job.
 This training helps improve:
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Safety
Morale
Productivity
Employee well-being
Confined Space Entry
Three Sections
 The
Law
 Hazards
 Controls
Confined Space Entry
The Law
Regulatory Overview of 49 CFR 1910.146,
“Permit Required Confined Space Standard”
Confined Space Entry
49 CFR 1910.146


Contains requirements for practices and
procedures to protect employees in general
industry from the hazards of entry into permit
required confined spaces (PRCS).
Does not apply to agriculture, construction, or
shipyard employment.
Confined Space Entry
Definitions
Confined Space Entry
Confined Space



Is large enough and so configured that an
employee can bodily enter and perform
assigned work; and
Has limited or restricted means for entry or
exit; and
Is not designed for continuous employee
occupancy.
Confined Space Entry
Is the space large enough and so
configured that an employee can bodily
enter and perform assigned work?
No
Yes
Does the space have limited or
No
restricted means for entry or exit?
Yes
Is the space designed for continuous
employee occupancy?
No
Space is “Confined”
Begin classification process
Yes
Space is not “Confined”
Regulation does not apply
Confined Space Entry
Permit Required Confined Space

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Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous
atmosphere;
Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing
an entrant;
Has an internal configuration such that an entrant
could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly
converging walls or by a floor which sloped and
tapers to a smaller cross-section; or
Contains any other recognized serious safety or
health hazard.
Confined Space Entry
Hazardous Atmosphere
An atmosphere that may expose employees
to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment
of ability to self-rescue, injury or acute illness
from one or more of the following causes:
Confined Space Entry
Hazardous Atmosphere, cont.

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
Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of
10% of its lower flammable limit (LFL);
Airborne combustible dust at a concentration
that meets or exceeds its LFL;
Oxygen concentration below 19.5% or above
23.5%;
Confined Space Entry
Hazardous Atmosphere, cont.


Concentration of any substance published in
Subpart G, Occupational Health and
Environmental Control, or Subpart Z, Toxic
and Hazardous Substances, in excess of its
dose or PEL;
Any other atmospheric condition that is IDLH.
Confined Space Entry
Immediately Dangerous to
Life or Health (IDLH)



Poses an immediate or delayed threat to life;
or
Would cause irreversible adverse health
effects; or
Would interfere within individual’s ability to
escape unaided from a permit space.
Confined Space Entry
Engulfment
The surrounding and effective capture of a
person by a liquid or finely divided (flowable)
solid substance that can be aspirated to
cause death by filling or plugging the
respiratory system, or that can exert enough
force on the body to cause death by
strangulation, constriction, or crushing.
Confined Space Entry
Entry


The action by which a person passes through
an opening into a permit-required confined
space, and includes ensuing work activities in
that space
Considered to have occurred as soon as any
part of the entrant’s body breaks the plane of
an opening into the space.
Confined Space Entry
Entry Permit
The written or printed document provided by
the employer to allow and control entry into a
permit space.
Confined Space Entry
Prohibited Condition
Any condition in a permit space that is not
allowed by the permit during the period when
entry is authorized.
Confined Space Entry
Non-Permit Confined Space
A confined space that does not contain or,
with respect to atmospheric hazards, have the
potential to contain any hazard capable of
causing death or serious physical harm.
Confined Space Entry

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General Requirements
Confined Space Entry
General Requirements

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Employer decides if workplace contains a
PRCS.
If workplace contains permit spaces, employer
must inform employees of their existence and
location and that they are dangerous
Confined Space Entry
General Requirements


If employer decides employees will not enter
permit spaces employer must positively
ensure they do not.
If employer decides employees will enter
permit spaces, employer shall develop and
implement a written entry program.
Confined Space Entry
General Requirements


Employer may use alternate entry procedures
provided certain conditions and requirements
are met.
When there are changes in use or
configuration of a non-permit confined space
that might increase the hazards to entrants,
employer shall, if necessary, reclassify as a
permit space.
Confined Space Entry
General Requirements
A permit space may be reclassified as a nonpermit space:
» If there are no actual or potential atmospheric
hazards and if all hazards within the permit space
are eliminated without entry.
» If entry is required to eliminate hazards, it shall be
according to regulations.
Confined Space Entry
Continued
» If hazards arise in reclassified permit
space, employees shall exit.
» Employer shall certify in writing that all
hazards in permit space have been
eliminated and make this document
available to each entrant.
Confined Space Entry
General Requirements

When a host employer arranges for contractor
to perform permit space entry work, host
employer shall:
» Inform contractor of permit space entry program;
» Apprise contractor of hazards, precautions and
procedures implemented for protection;
» Coordinate entry operations with contractor
Confined Space Entry
General Requirements

Contractors shall inform the host employer of
the permit program to be followed and
coordinate multiple entry operations.
Confined Space Entry
Alternate Entry Procedures
If alternate entry procedures are used:
No formal written program
No permit system or permits
No attendant or supervisor
No rescue provisions
Training is required
Confined Space Entry
Alternate Entry Procedures
Conditions
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Employer demonstrates that the only hazard
posed by PRCS is actual or potential
hazardous atmosphere.
Employer demonstrates that continuous
forced air ventilation alone is sufficient to
maintain safe permit space.
Employer develops monitoring and inspection
data that supports the above demonstrations.
Confined Space Entry
Alternate Entry Procedures
Requirements

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Any conditions making it unsafe to remove an
entrance cover shall be eliminated before
removing cover.
When entrance covers are removed, opening
shall be promptly and effectively guarded.
Confined Space Entry
Alternate Entry Procedures
Requirements

Before entry, internal atmosphere shall be
tested with a calibrated direct-reading
instrument, for the following:
» Oxygen content
» Flammable gases and vapors
» Potential toxic air contaminants
Confined Space Entry
Alternate Entry Procedures
Requirements


There may be no hazardous atmosphere
within the space whenever any employee is
inside the space.
Continuous forced air ventilation shall be used
as follows:
Confined Space Entry
continued
» Entry is not permitted until hazardous atmosphere
is eliminated;
» Ventilation shall be directed to immediate areas
where employees are or will be present and
continue until all employees have left the space;
» Air supply shall be from a clean source and may
not increase the hazards in the space.
Confined Space Entry
Alternate Entry Procedures
Requirements

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Atmosphere within the space shall be
periodically tested as necessary.
If a hazardous atmosphere is detected during
entry:
» Each employee shall leave the space immediately;
» The space shall be evaluated to determine cause;
and
» Measures are taken to protect employees before
subsequent entries.
Confined Space Entry
Alternate Entry Procedures
Requirements


Employer shall certify in writing that space is
safe for entry and that all of the above
requirements have been met.
Certification to be available to each employee
before entry.
Confined Space Entry
Permit Program
Confined Space Entry
Permit Program
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Prevent unauthorized entry.
Identify and evaluate hazards before entry.
Establish safe practices, such as isolation,
purging inerting, ventilation, barricades,
lockout/tagout, etc.
Confined Space Entry
Permit Program
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Provide and maintain equipment necessary
for safe entry, including testing and
monitoring, ventilation, communications,
personal protection, lighting, barriers, ingress
and egress, and rescue.
Test permit space and document results.
Confined Space Entry
Permit Program
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Maintain acceptable conditions in permit
space.
Provide at least one attendant outside space.
Identify duties of each employee and provide
training.
Confined Space Entry
PermitCont.
Program
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Implement proper procedures for rescue.
Establish written system for preparation,
issuance use and cancellation of permits.
Coordinated entry operations during multiple
employer entries.
Review entire entry program at least annually.
Confined Space Entry

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Permit System
Confined Space Entry
Permit System

The employer, through the permit system,
shall:
» Complete and document all steps necessary for
entry;
» Require initials or signature of person(s)
completing the steps;
» Post permit at entry portal;
» Ensure permit is signed by entry supervisor.
Confined Space Entry
Permit System

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Duration of permit may not exceed time
required to complete assigned task.
Permit must be cancelled if a prohibited
condition arises, or the work has been
completed.
Each cancelled entry permit must be retained
for one year to facilitate program review.
Confined Space Entry

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Entry Permit
Confined Space Entry
Entry Permit

Identifies:
»
»
»
»
»
»
Permit space(s) to be entered
Purpose of entry
Date and authorized duration for permit
Authorized entrant(s)
Attendant(s)
Entry supervisor by printed name and signature
Confined Space Entry
Entry Permit
»
»
»
»
»
Hazardous of the permit space
Measures required to control hazards of the space
Acceptable entry conditions
Test results with signature or initials of tester(s)
Rescue services, and the means to summon them
Confined Space Entry
Entry Permit
» Communication procedures and equipment
» All special equipment and procedures, including
PPE and rescue equipment
» Any other information need to ensure safe entry
» Any additional permits needed (such as hot work)
Confined Space Entry
Confined Space Entry

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Employee Training
Confined Space Entry
Employee Training
Employer shall provide and certify completion
of training so that all affected employees
acquire the understanding, knowledge, and
skill necessary for the safe performance of
assigned duties:
Confined Space Entry
Employee Training
Cont.

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Before employee is assigned duties under the
regulation;
Before there is a change in assigned duties;
Whenever employer has reason to believe
either that there are deviations from permit
space entry procedures or inadequacies in the
employee’s knowledge or use of these
procedures.
Confined Space Entry

Great Western Painting
Employee Duties
Confined Space Entry
Duties of Authorized Entrants
Employer shall ensure that all authorized
entrants:
» Know the hazards that may be faced during entry
(mode, signs, symptoms, and consequences of
exposure);
» Properly use all required equipment;
» Communicate with attendant as necessary to
enable attendant to monitor status and alert
entrants of need to evacuate.
Confined Space Entry
Duties of Authorized Entrants
» Alert attendant whenever any warning sign or
symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation or a
prohibited condition is detected.
» Exit from permit space as quickly as possible
whenever:
– Order to evacuate is given by attendant or entry
supervisor;
Confined Space Entry
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– Entrant recognizes any warning sign or symptom of
exposure to a dangerous situation;
– Entrant detects a prohibited condition; or
– Evacuation alarm is activated.
Confined Space Entry
Duties of Attendants
Employer shall ensure that each attendant:
» Knows that hazards that may be faced during
entry;
» Know the possible behavioral effects of hazards;
» Continuously maintain accurate count of entrants;
Confined Space Entry
Duties of Attendants
» Remains outside permit space during entry
operations until relieved by another attendant;
» Communicates with entrants as necessary to
monitor status and alert of need to evacuate
space;
» Monitors activities inside and outside space to
determine if safe for entrants to remain in space
and orders evacuation when necessary
Confined Space Entry
Duties of Attendants
» Takes the following actions when unauthorized
persons approach or enter a permit space while
entry is underway:
– Warns them to stay away;
– Advised them to exit immediately if they have
entered; and
– Informs authorized entrants and entry supervisor if
unauthorized persons enter space.
Confined Space Entry
Duties of Attendants
» Summons rescue and emergency services when
emergency exit from permit space is necessary;
» Performs non-entry rescues per employer’s
procedure; and
» Performs no duties that might interfere with their
primary duty to monitor and protect authorized
entrants.
Confined Space Entry
Duties of Entry Supervisors
Employer shall ensure that each supervisor:
» Knows the hazards that may be faced during entry;
» Verifies that acceptable conditions for entry exist;
» Terminates entry when operations are completed
or a prohibited condition arises;
Confined Space Entry
Duties of Entry Supervisors
» Verifies that rescue services are available;
» Removes unauthorized persons who enter or
attempt to enter permit space during operations;
» Determines, whenever possible and at appropriate
intervals, that acceptable entry conditions are
maintained.
Confined Space Entry
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Rescue Services
Confined Space Entry
Rescue Services
Employer may elect to use on site or off-site
team.
Confined Space Entry
Rescue Services

If an on-site team is selected:
» Must be properly trained in entry procedures,
rescue procedures and PPE requirements;
» Permit space rescues must be practiced at least
annually from similarly configured spaces;
» Must be trained in basic first-aid and CPR, and have at least
one member currently certified.
Confined Space Entry
CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
THE RESCUE TEAM:
 Must meet basic requirements:
- Good endurance
- Possess enthusiasm
- Must be a capable leader
- Must have a positive attitude
- Good physical fitness and health
- Must be capable of following orders
- Must have same training as entrants
- Must regularly participate in practical exercises
Confined Space Entry
CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
Continued
SAFELINE
RESCUE TYPES:
SAFELINE
 Horizontal
 Vertical
HORIZONTAL RESCUES
VERTICAL RESCUES
Confined Space Entry
CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
Continued
SAFELINE
SAFELINE
RESCUE SYSTEMS:
 Non-entry Rescue
 Entry Rescue
ENTRY RESCUES
NON-ENTRY RESCUES
Confined Space Entry
CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
Continued
NON-ENTRY RESCUE:
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Safest for rescuer.
Requires extensive entrant training.
Tripod (or equivalent most common).
NFPA approved rope may be used (15:1 tensile strength).
ENTRY RESCUE:
 Used when obstacles prevent non-entry rescue.
 Requires extensive rescue team training.
 Various entry methods can be used.
Confined Space Entry
CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
Continued
VICTIM CARE (No apparent injuries):
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Assess physical condition.
Look for signs of shock.
Keep head stable and airways open.
Don’t Injure the victim during extrication.
Wristlets may be used if no trauma is created.
Confined Space Entry
CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
Continued
VICTIM CARE (Injuries):
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Assess physical condition.
Look for signs of shock.
Keep head stable and airways open.
Immobilize the spine.
Plastic Skeds are very useful.
Never move or care for an injured victim unless you
have been trained to administer first aid.
 If the situation is “life or death” use your best
judgment.
Confined Space Entry
Rescue Services

If an off-site team is selected:
» Inform rescue services of hazards they may
confront;
» Provide rescue service with access to all permit
spaces so they can develop appropriate rescue
plans and practice rescue operations.
Confined Space Entry
Rescue Services
Host employer is required to ensure that
arranged-for rescue services can effectively
respond in a timely manner to a rescue
summons and Evaluate their efficiency.
Confined Space Entry
Rescue Services

If injured entrant is exposed to a substance
with a required MSDS or similar document, it
shall be made available to medical facility
treating entrant.
Confined Space Entry
Non-Entry Rescue

Retrieval systems or method shall be used
whenever entry is made, unless the retrieval
equipment could increase overall risk of entry
or would not be of value.
Confined Space Entry
Non-Entry Rescue

Each entrant shall use a chest or full body
harness, with retrieval line attached at the
center of their back near shoulder level, or
above their head.
Confined Space Entry
Non-Entry Rescue

Wristlets may be used in lieu of the chest or
full body harness is employer can show use of
chest or body harness is infeasible or creates
a greater hazard and that use of wristlets is
safest and most effective alternative.
Confined Space Entry
Non-Entry Rescue


Other end of retrieval line shall be attached to
a mechanical device or fixed point outside
permit space for immediate use.
Mechanical devices shall be used to retrieve
personnel from vertical type permit spaces
more than 5 feet deep.
Confined Space Entry
Permit Required Confined
Spaces

Movie: “Death Trap - Permit Required
Confined Spaces”
Confined Space Entry
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Confined Space Entry
Atmospheric Monitoring
& General Testing
Protocol
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
OSHA’S RECOMMENDATIONS
Remember:

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Follow your permit instructions
Instruments should be adequately sensitive
Instruments should be calibrated and documented
Users should be technically qualified
Testing must be done prior to each entry
ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN
CONFINED SPACES
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC
TESTING
Continued
INSTRUMENT FUNCTION TESTS:

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Do not replace calibration
Blow into 02 sensors to test 02 deficiency
A solvent marker will test for combustibles
Using a butane lighter is not recommended
Function tests must be done prior to each entry
ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN
CONFINED SPACES
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC
TESTING
Continued
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (OSHA):
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
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS (PEL’s)
FOUND IN 29 CFR 1910.1000 (THE “Z” TABLES)
ESTABLISHES OSHA’s EXPOSURE LEVELS
LEGALLY ENFORCEABLE
RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (NIOSH):
 RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (REL’s)
 USED TO DEVELOP NEW OSHA STANDARDS
 FOUND IN: “NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH STANDARDS”
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
OXYGEN CONTENT
(% BY VOLUME)
19.5%
15-19.5%
12-14.9%
10-11.9%
8-9.9%
6-7.9%
4-5.9%
EFFECTS AND SYMPTOMS
Minimum permissible oxygen level.
Decreased ability to work strenuously.
May impair coordination.
Respiration increases, judgment affected
Lips begin to turn blue.
Mental failure, nausea and vomiting.
8 Minutes, 100% fatal
6 Minutes, 50% fatal
4 Minutes, recovery with treatment
Coma in 40 seconds then death
APPROXIMATE VALUES
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC
TESTING
Continued
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE & HEALTH
An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration from which
one could escape within 30 minutes without experiencing any
irreversible adverse health effects.
In practice, when the concentration of a toxic substance in a given
area is known, IDLH levels may be used for determining whether
self-contained breathing apparatus is needed when entering the
area. If the concentration exceeds the IDLH level, positivedemand, self-contained breathing apparatus should be used.
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC
TESTING
Continued
HAZARD
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) (PPM)
HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) (PPM)
OXYGEN (O2)
LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL)
LIMIT
35 PPM
10 PPM
19.5% - 23.5%
10% >
ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF
DEATH IN CONFINED SPACES
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
TMX412 MULTI-GAS MONITOR
HAZARDS DETECTED
OXYGEN (O2)
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S)
LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL)
TYPICAL GAS MONITOR
PPM
PPM
35
<19.5 - 23.5>
10
10%
BATT
OXYGEN
INDUSTRIAL
SCIENTIFIC
E
LEL/CH4
TMX412
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (UFL)
The “richer” point at which a mixture of flammable vapor and air
will no longer support combustion
LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL)
The “leaner” point at which a mixture of flammable vapor and air
will no longer support combustion
COMBINED, THE ABOVE EQUAL THE FLAMMABLE RANGE
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC
TESTING
Continued
100%
75%
PERCENTAGE OF ATMOSPHERE
ACETONE
50%
13%
FLAMMABLE RANGE OF ACETONE 2.5 - 13%
2.5%
0%
FLAMMABLE LIMITS
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC
TESTING
Continued
TOXICS
CARBON MONOXIDE: - TLV 35 PPM (ACGIH)
- PEL 50 PPM (OSHA)
- IDLH 1200 PPM
HYDROGEN SULFIDE: - TLV 10 PPM (ACGIH)
- PEL 10 PPM (OSHA)
- IDLH 100 PPM
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
CONSIDERATIONS
- BATTERY CHECK
- CALIBRATION
- OXIDIZERS
- ACIDS
- DATA INTERPRETATION
PPM
PPM
35
<19.5 - 23.5>
10
10%
BATT
OXYGEN
INDUSTRIAL
SCIENTIFIC
E
LEL/CH4
TMX412
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
ACCESSORIES
- BATTERY
- PUMP
- SAMPLING TUBE
- SAMPLING TUBE FILTER
PPM
PPM
35
<19.5 - 23.5>
10
10%
BATT
OXYGEN
INDUSTRIAL
SCIENTIFIC
E
LEL/CH4
TMX412
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
TESTING SEQUENCE
1. OXYGEN
2. FLAMMABILITY
3. TOXICITY
PPM
PPM
35
<19.5 - 23.5>
10
10%
BATT
OXYGEN
INDUSTRIAL
SCIENTIFIC
E
LEL/CH4
TMX412
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC
TESTING
Continued
WHY A TESTING SEQUENCE?
1. OXYGEN - Most combustible gas meters are 02
dependent and must have 02 present to provide reliable
data.
2. FLAMMABILITY - The threat of fire or explosion is both
more immediate and more life threatening in most cases
than toxic vapors.
3. TOXICITY - If tests for toxic vapors are necessary they
are performed last.
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC
TESTING
Continued
SAMPLING STRATEGIES:
 Evaluation Testing - Evaluation of hazards
present in the permit space.
 Verification Testing - Verification that acceptable
entry conditions for entry
into that space exist.
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC
TESTING
Continued
SAMPLING STRATEGIES:
 Duration of Testing - Measurement of values for
each atmospheric parameter
should be made for at least
the minimum response time
of the instrument specified
by the manufacturer.
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC
TESTING
Continued
STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERES:
<1
Vapor Density
Air = 1
<1 = Lighter than Air
>1 = Heavier than Air
AIR=1
>1
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC
TESTING
Continued
STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERES:





Sample every 3 to 4 ft
Don’t trust your senses
Don’t get rushed
Know the meter response time
Keep the sampling tube out of
the product
 Periodically retest
 Raise tube only as fast as the
meter response time
TOP
MIDDLE
BOTTOM
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC
TESTING
Continued
PERIODIC RETESTING:
 Retest after you enter
 Retest in your breathing zone
 Try and find the bad air!
 Don’t degrade your own air!
 Think! Think! Think!
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC
TESTING
Continued
UNACCEPTABLE TEST RESULTS:






Know your emergency response procedures!
Immediately notify entrants of unsafe conditions!
If there is any doubt - EVACUATE THE SPACE!
Know the time it takes to evacuate!
Don’t try to remedy before ordering evacuation!
EVACUATE THEN CONTROL THE HAZARD!
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
CONSULT THE OWNERS
MANUAL FOR SPECIFICS
REGARDING THE
INSTRUMENT YOU ARE USING
DO NOT ASSUME ANYTHING!
Confined Space Entry
Atmospheric Monitoring

Movie: “Confined Space Atmospheric
Testing”
Confined Space Entry
Ventilation
Confined Space Entry
Ventilation



Control Atmospheric Contaminants
Prevent Fire and Explosion Hazards
Control Heat and Humidity
Confined Space Entry
Ventilation
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Natural Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation
Confined Space Entry
Natural Ventilation
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Employs wind and thermal convection to
dilute atmospheric hazards
Dependant on configuration of confined space
and predictability of wind currents
Unreliable as a primary control method
When natural ventilation is insufficient,
mechanical ventilation is necessary
Confined Space Entry
Mechanical Ventilation
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General Ventilation
Local Exhaust Ventilation
Method is dependant on the type and
origin of the hazard
Confined Space Entry
General Ventilation
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Utilizes mechanical means to supply
uncontaminated air to a permit space
Places the permit space in a positive pressure
atmospheric condition
Seldom effective in controlling fume and dust
generating processes
Confined Space Entry
CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION
Continued
GENERAL VENTILATION:
 Exhaust Ventilation:
OUTSIDE
AIR FLOW
SPACE
Confined Space Entry
CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION
Continued
GENERAL VENTILATION:
 Supply Ventilation:
OUTSIDE
AIR FLOW
SPACE
Confined Space Entry
Localized Exhaust Ventilation
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Captures contaminants at their point of
generation
Contaminated air is discharged outside the
confined space
Effective for welding, cutting, burning and
brazing operations
Should maintain an exhaust airflow velocity of
at least 100 linear feet per minute in the
capture zone
Confined Space Entry
Efficient Ventilation
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Depends on many factors:
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fan or blower capacity
configuration and size of space
number and size of openings
airborne contaminant, its properties, and point of
generation
» position of blower and length of ductwork
Confined Space Entry
Ventilation Problems
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Recirculation
Short-circuiting
Confined Space Entry
Recirculation
Confined Space Entry
CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION
Continued
AIR FLOW
BETTER PLACEMENT
Confined Space Entry
Short Circuiting
Confined Space Entry
Ventilation Techniques

” Movie: “Confined Space Ventilation
Confined Space Entry
Cleaning and Purging
Confined Space Entry
Cleaning and Purging
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Residues of hazardous chemicals must be
cleaned
Pre-entry cleaning and purging are necessary
to decrease chance of atmospheric hazards
Confined Space Entry
Cleaning and Purging
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Ensure that material feed lines are completely
and effectively isolated
Drain or pump out contents - remove as much
as possible
Test for hazardous atmosphere
If atmospheric hazards are present, the space
must be purged and ventilated
Confined Space Entry
Cleaning and Purging
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The purging agent used will depend on the
following:
» The product in the space and any possible reaction
with the purging agent
» The work to be performed in the space
» The suspected hazards
Confined Space Entry
Cleaning and Purging
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It may be necessary to purge with inerting gas,
i.e.. CO2, N, Ar, etc.
May be possible to utilize natural ventilation
Water may be used to remove flammable and
toxic residues
Beware of of using steam on flammables with
low vapor pressure
Confined Space Entry
Cleaning and Purging
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When solvents are needed, make sure they are
compatible
After cleaning and purging, test the atmosphere
If hazardous atmosphere exists, clean and purge
again
Continue to ventilate and frequently test the
atmosphere
Attempt to clean as much as possible from the
outside
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Program
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OSHA requires lockout/tagout program
Identify and implement specific procedures in
writing
Use locks where equipment can be locked out
Ensure new equipment can accommodate
locks
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Program
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Institute procedures for release of
lockout/tagout
Obtain standardized locks and tags
Require that lockout/tagout device is removed
by employee that applied it
Train employees in specific energy control
procedures
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout
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Energy within confined space poses
significant hazards
Equipment must be deenergized and locked
out/ tagged out
OSHA requires energy sources to be locked
out
If energy source cannot be locked out, it must
be tagged out
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout
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OSHA differentiates between employees who
are authorized to perform lockout/tagout
» Affected employees
» Authorized employees
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Procedures
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Step One - Preparation for Shutdown
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Assure that affected employees are informed
Identify all isolation points
Determine if stored energy is present
Select appropriate PPE
Determine what tools and equipment is needed
Obtain locks and hardware
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Procedures
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Step Two - Equipment Shutdown
» Initial stopping of the flow of energy
» May be simple or complex
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Procedures
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Step Three - Equipment Isolation
» Once equipment has been shut down, it must be
isolated
» Can be achieved by opening a disconnect switch,
breaking a line, etc.
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Procedures
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Step Four - Apply Control
» Attach locks and or tags to energy isolation
devices
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Procedures
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Step Five - Dissipate Stored Energy
» Kinetic
» Electrical
» Potential
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Procedures
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Step Six - Verify Effectiveness
» Before work begins, test operating controls
Confined Space Entry
Isolation
Confined Space Entry
Isolation
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Prior to allowing personnel to enter space
sources of energy present must be evaluated
The space must be isolated by disconnecting,
releasing, or restraining all energy sources
Confined Space Entry
Isolation Procedures
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Blanking and blinding
Double-block and bleed
Line breaking or misalignment
Confined Space Entry
Blanking and Blinding
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Absolute closure of a pipe
Fastening of a solid plate that covers bore
hole
Plate should be made of same materials as
the line
Must be able to withstand maximum pressure
exerted by the line
Confined Space Entry
Blanking and Blinding
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Involves installing a blank between flanges
with leak-proof gasket
Should be marked to identify purpose
Confined Space Entry
Double Block and Bleed
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Three point system to prevent leakage into
the confined space
Two closed valves and an open drain or vent
valve located between
Lockout or tagout of valves adds additional
protection
Confined Space Entry
Line Breaking
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Intentional and physical disconnection of a
pipe, line, or duct
Added protection id obtained by misaligning or
removing a section
Any disconnected line should be monitored for
hazardous atmosphere to determine if leaking
Confined Space Entry
Control of Combustible
or
Explosive Dust
Confined Space Entry
Control of Combustible or
Explosive Dust
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Interior surfaces must be kept clean as
possible
Sources of ignition must be removed from the
space
Static electricity must be prevented
Ventilation is necessary
Confined Space Entry
Personal Protective
Equipment
Confined Space Entry
Personal Protective
Equipment
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Permit Spaces pose many types of hazards to
entrants
Various types of equipment may be necessary
to protect entrants
Proper planning and evaluation is necessary
Confined Space Entry
Head Protection
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Head injuries are caused by falling or flying
objects, or bumping the head against fixed
objects
Head protection must do two things:
» Resist penetration
» Absorb the shock of a blow
Confined Space Entry
Head Protection
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Three classes of head protection
» Class A - general service, limited voltage
protection
» Class B - utility service, high voltage protection
» Class C - special service, no voltage protection
Confined Space Entry
Eye and Face Protection
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Eye and face protection must be suitable for
work to be performed
Protection must meet the following minimum
requirements:
» Provide adequate protection for particular hazards
they are designed for
Confined Space Entry
Eye and Face Protection
» Be reasonably comfortable
» Fit snugly without interfering with movement or
vision
» Be durable
» Be capable of being disinfected
» Be easily cleaned
» Be clean and in good repair
Confined Space Entry
Eye and Face Protection
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If employees are at risk of contact with
corrosive chemicals, an eyewash with at least
fifteen minutes flushing capacity is required
Must be in accordance with ANSI Z87.1-1989
Confined Space Entry
Hearing Protection
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Exposure to high noise levels can cause
hearing loss
Can also create physical and psychological
stress
Extent of damage depends on intensity and
duration
Confined Space Entry
Hearing Protection
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Short term exposure can cause temporary
loss
Gradual and prolonged exposure can cause
permanent loss
There is no cure for permanent noise induced
hearing loss
Prevention is the key
Confined Space Entry
Hearing Protection
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Employees exposed to levels exceeding 85
decibels
OSHA requires them to be included in hearing
conservation program
Employees must be trained in correct use,
maintenance, and limitations of protection
used.
Confined Space Entry
Torso Protection
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Many chemical and physical hazards
Pre-entry evaluation must include
determination of proper protective clothing
Includes: clothing for particulate and chemical
protection, chemical splash suits, insulated
workwear, flame resistant clothing, etc.
Confined Space Entry
Arm and Hand Protection
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Wide variety of hazards to the arms and
hands of employees
Gloves, hand pads, sleeves and wristlets
should be considered
Confined Space Entry
Foot and Leg Protection
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Protection for feet and legs from falling or
rolling objects, sharp objects, molten metal,
hot surfaces, wet and slippery surfaces is
required.
Confined Space Entry
Respiratory Protection
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OSHA standards require employers to
establish respiratory protection program when
respirators are necessary
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134
Confined Space Entry
Respiratory Protection
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Respiratory protection devices fall into three
classes:
» Air-purifying
» Atmosphere or air supplying
» Combination air-purifying and air-supplying
Confined Space Entry
Air-Purifying Devices
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Clean contaminated atmosphere
Chemicals can remove gases and vapors
Filters can remove particulate matter
Devices are limited
Confined Space Entry
Air-Purifying Devices
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Contaminant level must be within specified
concentration limitations of the device
Do not protect from oxygen deficient
atmospheres
Confined Space Entry
Air-Purifying Devices
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Various types include:
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Mechanical-filter respirators
Chemical-cartridge respirators
Combination respirators
Gas masks
Powered air-purifying respirators
Confined Space Entry
Air-Supplying Devices
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Provide respirable atmosphere to wearer
Air supply is independent of ambient air
Fall into three groups:
» Supplied-air respirators (SAR)
» Self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
» Combination SCBA and SAR
Confined Space Entry
Supplied-Air Respirators
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Deliver breathing air through a supply hose
Air supply must be free of contaminants and
from clean source
Three classes of airline respirators
» Continuous flow
» Demand flow
» Pressure-demand flow
Confined Space Entry
SCBA
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Wearer is completely independent of the
surrounding atmosphere
Provides complete respiratory protection
against toxic gases and oxygen deficiency
Two basic types:
» Closed-circuit
» Open-circuit
Confined Space Entry
Combination SCBA and SAR
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Airline respirators with auxiliary self contained
air supply
Provides back-up supply in the event the main
supply fails
Confined Space Entry
Combination Air-Purifying
and Air-Supplying Devices
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Provides protection in the event the air supply
fails
Recommended for asbestos work
Confined Space Entry
Precautionary
Equipment
Confined Space Entry
Precautionary Equipment
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Once an entrance cover is removed, it must
be protected
Railings, temporary covers, fences, or barriers
Protect employees from falling into confined
space
Confined Space Entry
Communication
Systems
Confined Space Entry
Communication Systems
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Attendants must monitor the activities of
authorized entrants
Reliable method must be in place
Confined Space Entry
Communication Systems
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Types of communications include:
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Battery operated voice activated
Continuous electronic monitoring equipment
Hand operated communications
Continuous voice contact
Visual observation
Confined Space Entry
Retrieval Equipment
Confined Space Entry
Retrieval Equipment
The standard requires employers to provide,
maintain and ensure the use of protective
equipment
Confined Space Entry
Retrieval Equipment
Proper retrieval equipment generally includes:
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Chest or full-body harness
Life-line
Mechanical winches
Tripods
Wristlets
Confined Space Entry
Retrieval Equipment
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The appropriate retrieval equipment will
depend on the following considerations:
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Size and configuration of the space
The size and location of the opening
Any obstacles within the space
Whether or not rescue would be horizontal or
verticle
» The potential hazards within the space
Confined Space Entry
Heat Stress
Confined Space Entry
Heat Stress
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Confined space operations may present
potential heat stress problems
Factors that contribute include:
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high temperatures
radiant heat sources
high humidity
direct physical contact with hot objects
strenuous physical activity
Confined Space Entry
Heat Stress
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Personal characteristics that predispose an
individual to heat stress
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Age
Weight
Degree of physical fitness
Metabolism
Use of alcohol and drugs
Various existing medical conditions
Confined Space Entry
Heat Stress
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Heat disorders include:
» Heat cramps
» Heat exhaustion
» Heat stroke
Confined Space Entry
Heat Stress
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Most heat related problems can be prevented
The following basic precautions can reduce
heat stress problems:
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Acclimatization
Engineering controls
Work practices
Work and rest
Employee education
Confined Space Entry
Hot Work
Confined Space Entry
Hot Work
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Hot work includes operations which provide a
source of ignition:
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Welding and cutting
Burning
Riveting
Grinding and spark/arc producing tools
Static discharges
non-explosion proof lighting
Confined Space Entry
Hot Work
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These operations pose unique hazards within
confined spaces:
» Fire and explosion hazards in the presence of
flammables
» The generation of toxic atmospheres
» The generation of physical hazards, such as noise,
vibration, heat stress, etc.
Confined Space Entry
Hot Work
A combination of engineering controls, work
practice controls and personal protective
equipment are required to reduce the hazards
associated with hot work
Confined Space Entry
Hot Work
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The control of hot work hazards must be
coordinated by using a hot work program
which includes:
» A written hot work permit
» Evaluation of the existing hazards
» Evaluation of potential hazards created from hot
work operations
Confined Space Entry
Hot Work
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General precautions to keep in mind include:
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Use of localized exhaust ventilation
Selection of appropriate tools
Use of necessary protective equipment
Surface coating and residues must be evaluated to
avoid creating hazards
Confined Space Entry
Hot Work
» Pipes, tubes, coils must be purged, flushed, or
cleaned
» Hot work in non-permit space will change the
status of that space