Transcript Folie 1 - Uni Oldenburg

BM3
Introduction to English Linguistics
Part II
Session 3: Phonology
Contact options & handing in the portfolio:
• A 10 1-103
mail box across the hall (A10)
• phone 0441-798 3181
• Email: [email protected]
All information can be found on my homepage:
www.staff.uni-oldenburg.de/rebecca.carroll
Literature
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., Hyams, N. (2006). An Introduction
to Language. 8th ed. Wadsworth.
Roach, P. (2000). English Phonetics & Phonology – A Practical
Course. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP.
Ladefoged, P. (2006). A Course in Phonetics. 5th ed.
Hanke, J. & Intemann, F. (2000). The Interactive Introduction
to Linguistics. CD ROM. Version 2.0. München: Hueber.
See Handapparat for further introductory books
IPA Font
• Download fonts to use for transcription in portfolio:
 Doulos SIL Font:
http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=91
– Download/ install to your fonts folder
– Choose font in your text document
– Insert symbols (or define a key combination as short
cut)
Overview:
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Where are we?
Phonetics/ Phonology
major areas
Morphology
of (theoretical)
Syntax
linguistics
Semantics
Pragmatics
Applied Linguistics
(Historical Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Textlinguistics,
Psycholinguistics, Neurolinguistics, Computational
Linguistics, …)
Phonetic Description of Sounds
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Phonation
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
Lip rounding
Places of Articulation:
the Vocal Tract
Places of Articulation:
the Tongue
Center
Bilabial ‘‘Stops‘‘:
nasal (velum lowered)
bilabial nasal
vs.
oral (velum raised)
bilabial plosives
Places of Articulation: Consonantal
Chart
Places of Articulation:
Consonantal Chart
International
Phonetics
Association
Places of Articulation:
Vowels
Diphthongs I:
Received Pronunciation (RP)
closing
centering
Diphthongs II:
American English
Phonetics vs. Phonology
Phonemes, Phones, & Allophones
Phoneme
Allophones
/ /
Head term
Family of speech
[phone1] [phone2] [phone3]
sounds
Phonemes, Phones, & Allophones
Phoneme
Allophones
/t/
[tʰ] [ t˺] [tʷ] [tˡ]
Minimal Pairs
Definition:
Two words with different meanings that differ
only in one phoneme in the same position in
each word.
e.g. beat vs. meat /biːt/ /miːt/
/hiːr/ /diːr/
here vs. dear
/mæd/ /mæn/
mad vs. man
Your Turn!
The following sets of minimal pairs show that
English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial, and
final positions.
Initial
Medial
Final
pit/ bit
rapid/ rabbit
cap/ cab
Find similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair
of consonants given.
a. /k/ - /ɡ/
d. /b/ - /v/
g. /s/ - /ʃ/
b. /m/ - /n/
e. /b/ - /m/
h. /ʧ/ - /ʤ/
c. /l/ - /r/
f. /p/ - /f/
i. /s/ - /z/
Fromkin, Rodman & Hymes. Ch.7. Exercise 1.
Stressing out about stress?
• primary stress: / ˈ /
as in /əˈbaʊt/, /ˈbeɪsɪk/, /bəˈnænɑ/
• secondary stress: /ˌ /
as in /ˌlɪŋˈɡwɪs.tɪks/, /ˈaɪsˌkɹiːm/
Connected Speech
• Pronunciation of individual words changes in
context
• Depending on the sentence stress, some
words are „weakened“ (so-called weak forms)
• Typically function words
The North Wind & the Sun
ðə ˈnɔɹθ ˌwɪnd ən ə ˈsʌn wɚ dɪsˈpjuɾɪŋ ˈwɪtʃ wəz ðə ˈstɹɑːŋgɚ, wɛn ə
ˈtɹævlɚ ˌkeɪm əˈlɑːŋ ˈɹæpt ɪn ə ˈwɔɹm ˈkloʊk.
ðeɪ əˈgɹiːd ðət ðə ˈwʌn hu ˈfɚst səkˈsiːdəd ɪn ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðə ˈtɹævlɚ ˈteɪk ɪz
ˈkloʊk ˌɑf ʃʊd bi kənˈsɪdɚd ˈstɹɑːŋgɚ ðən ðɪ ˈʌðɚ.
ðɛn ðə ˈnɔɹθ ˌwɪnd ˈbluː əz ˈhɑɹd əz hi ˈkʊd, bət ðə ˈmɔɹ hi ˈbluː ðə ˈmɔɹ
ˈkloʊsli dɪd ðə ˈtɹævlɚ ˈfoʊld hɪz ˈkloʊk əˈɹaʊnd ɪm;
ˌæn ət ˈlæst ðə ˈnɔɹθ ˌwɪnd ˌgeɪv ˈʌp ði əˈtɛmpt. ˈðɛn ðə ˈsʌn ˈʃaɪnd ˌaʊt
ˈwɔɹmli ənd ɪˈmiːdiətli ðə ˈtɹævlɚ ˈtʊk ˌɑf ɪz kloʊk.
ən ˈso ðə ˈnɔɹθ ˌwɪnd wəz əˈblaɪdʒ tɪ kənˈfɛs ðət ðə ˈsʌn wəz ðə ˈstɹɑŋgɚ
əv ðə ˈtuː.
The North Wind & the Sun
The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the
stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm
cloak.
They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the
traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than
the other.
Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more
he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak
around him;
and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the
Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off
his cloak.
And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun
was the stronger of the two.
Your Turn!
Fill in the blanks (weak forms) in either British or
American English.
Exercise from Roach, Ch.12
„The Walrus and the Carpenter“ by Lewis Carroll
There is one major error in each transcription line
that is an impossible pronunciation for any
American English speaker.
The error may consist of an extra symbol, a missing
symbol, or a wrong symbol in the word.
Note that the phonetic given is a narrow transcription;
aspiration is marked, as is the nasalization of
vowels. This is to illustrate a detailed transcription.
However, none of the errors involve aspiration or
nasalization of vowels.
Write the word in which the error occurs in the correct
phonetic transcription.
Fromkin, Rodman & Hymes. Ch.6. Exercise 4.
„The Walrus and the Carpenter“ by Lewis Carroll
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
ðǝ tʰajm hæz cʌ m
[kʰʌ m]
ðǝ wɔlrǝs sed
tʰu tʰɔlk ǝv mɛ ni θĩŋz
ǝv ʃuz ãnd ʃɪps
æ nd silĩŋ wæx
ǝv kʰæbǝɡǝz æ nd kʰĩŋz
æ nd wɛθǝr pʰɪɡz hæv wĩŋz