Transcript HUMAN FACTORS - Kent Gliding Club

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HUMAN FACTORS
FITNESS TO FLY
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
RELEVANT TO GLIDER PILOTS
PSYCHOLOGICAL
• AFFECTING OR ARISING IN THE MIND
PHYSIOLOGICAL
THE WAY IN WHICH A LIVING ORGANISM
OR BODILY PART FUNCTIONS.
FITNESS TO FLY
AGE
MEDICALS
PHYSICAL WELL BEING
AGE
• NO MINIMUM AGE CAN SOLO AT 16
• NO MAXIMUM AGE BUT PHYSICAL AND
MENTAL FITNESS MAY REDUCE WITH
AGE
MEDICALS
• TO FLY SOLO YOU MUST HAVE A SELF
DECLARATION FORM ENDORSED BY
YOUR DOCTOR.
• AT AGE 45 A NEW SELF DECLARATION
MUST BE MADE & ENDORSED BY THE
PILOTS DOCTOR.
• THIS MUST BE RENEWED AT 50, 55, 60,
65 & THEN ANNUALLY.
NOTE
• IT IS THE PILOTS RESPONSIBILITY TO
CHECK THAT THEIR MEDICAL IS VALID.
• IF YOUR DRIVING LICENCE IS
REVOKED ON MEDICAL GROUNDS
YOU AUTOMATICALLY BECOME UNFIT
TO FLY SOLO IN A GLIDER
PHYSICAL WELL BEING
• ANYONE KNOW THE ACRONYM :• I’M SAFE
PHYSICAL WELL BEING
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ILLNESS
MEDICATION
STRESS
ALCOHOL
FATIGUE
FLYING CURRENCY
EATING
ILLNESS
MINOR ILLNESS CAN DISTRACT EG :HEADACHE.
STOMACH UPSET.
COLDS…. COVERED LATER.
MEDICATION
• MANY MEDICINES CAUSE
DROWSINESS. READ THE
INSTRUCTIONS .
• DO NOT FLY FOR 24 HOURS AFTER A
LOCAL ANAESTHETIC (DENTIST)
• 48 HOURS AFTER GENERAL
ANAESTHETIC.
• DON’T FLY WITHIN 24 HOURS OF
BLOOD DONATION.
STRESS OR OTHER
DISTRACTION
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ARGUMENT
WORK PROBLEMS
DEBTS
DEPRESSION
FAMILY ILLNESS
LAUNCH POINT AGGRAVATION
MENSTRUAL CYCLES
IN FLIGHT NOISE EG WIND NOISE
ALCOHOL
• ALCOHOL IS A DEPRESSANT
• A PINT OF BITTER WILL AFFECT
JUDGEMENT AND THUS HIGHER
RISKS THAN NORMAL ARE ACCEPTED.
RAILWAYS AND TRANSPORT
ACT
• STATES 20MG/100ML IE A QUARTER OF
THAT WHICH APPLIES TO DRIVING A
CAR.
• NOTE THAT THIS APPLIES TO ANYONE
INVOLVED IN GLIDING OPERATIONS
EVEN A WING TIP HOLDER.
HOW LONG HOW MUCH ?
• ABOUT AN HOUR TO REMOVE 1 UNIT
OF ALCOHOL FROM BLOOD
• FOOD HAS LITTLE EFFECT ON THE
ALCOHOL ABSORBED
• LET’S LOOK AT SOME EXAMPLES OF
DRINKS :-
LAST ORDERS AS IT WERE
FATIGUE
• A GOOD NIGHTS SLEEP IS ESSENTIAL.
• EXCESSIVE FLYING MAY CAUSE YOUR
CONCENTRATION TO WANE.
• BOREDOM ON A LONG FLIGHT CAN
CAUSE FATIGUE. SILVER DURATION A
PARTICULAR CASE. TRY TO HAVE A
PURPOSE SUCH AS LOCAL
TRIANGLES.
CURRENCY
• IF YOU FEEL OUT OF PRACTICE GET A
CHECK FLIGHT !
• SIMPLY STAYING WITHIN YOUR CLUBS
CURRENCY RULES MAY NOT BE
ENOUGH.
• A LOG BOOK MUST BE KEPT UNTIL
YOU HAVE A SILVER BADGE.
FOOD
• HUNGAR REDUCES ALERTNESS
• MAINTAIN BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS.
• COMPLEX FOODS BREAD, PASTA AND
FRUITS PROVIDE LONG LASTING
ENERGY.
• SUGARY SNACKS ONLY PROVIDE A
SHORT TERM BOOST FOLLOWED BY A
SHARP REDUCTION IN ENERGY
LEVELS.
COMFORT
• DISCOMFORT WILL REDUCE
CONCENTRATION LEVELS.
• HOWEVER DO NOT USE SOFT CUSHIONS
TO IMPROVE COMFORT. THEY WILL
COMPRESS DURING HIGH “G” POSSIBLY
PREVENTING YOU FROM REACHING
CONTROLS AND IN THE EVENT OF AN
ACCIDENT MAY INCREASE SPINAL INJURY.
• USE DYNAFOAM.
TO PEE OR NOT TO PEE
• YOU WILL NOT BE ABLE TO
CONCENTRATE WITH A FULL BLADDER
• A HEAVY LANDING MAY CAUSE YOUR
BLADDER TO …………
• EXPLODE !
• MAKE SOME SORT OF PROVISION TO
EMPTY BLADDER
• AVOID DIURETICS EG CAFFEINE .
PREGNANCY
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BEST AVOIDED
BUT IF YOU MUST
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR
ERRR…. IF YOU SEE WHAT I MEAN
PROBABLY DON’T FLY FOR FIRST 3
MONTHS
• OR THE LAST 3 MONTHS
PSYCHOLOGY
FACTORS WHICH ARE RELEVANT TO
YOUR STATE OF MIND WHEN YOU FLY
:MINIMISE WORK LOAD
SPEAK UP
ATTITUDE
WORK LOAD
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• WAYS TO REDUCE WORKLOAD:MNEMONICS.
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH.
WRITE INFORMATION DOWN.
CHECK LISTS.
CURRENCY.
RIGGING DON’T GET DISTURBED.
IDENTIFY AIR BRAKE LEVER IN CIRCUIT FOR
EXAMPLE.
COURAGE OF CONVICTIONS
• WE ARE ALL TAUGHT FROM AN EARLY
STAGE THAT ANY BODY CAN STOP A
LAUNCH.
• IF YOU ARE WITH AN EXPERIENCED
PILOT EXPRESS YOUR CONCERNS IF
YOU FEEL AN UNSAFE COURSE OF
ACTION IS BEING FOLLOWED.
INDIVIDUAL ATTITUDES
• CAN YOU THINK OF ANY ? START YOU
OFF :• PEOPLE WITH NO FEAR !
CHARACTERISTICS
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MACHO
ANTI AUTHORITY
BOMB PROOF
IMPULSIVE
FATALIST
VERY NERVOUS
GUNG HO
EMO TENDANCIES
• YOU CAN FLY SAFELY EVEN IF YOU
HAVE SOME OF THE WORRISOME
TENDANCIES ON THE PREVIOUS
SLIDE.
• JUST BE AWARE OF THEM.
PHYSIOLOGY
• THE WAY IN WHICH
BODILY PARTS
FUNCTION :-
TOPICS
• EYE SIGHT
• BAROTRAUMA
• EARS
• SPATIAL DISORIENTATION
• DEHYDRATION
• OXYGEN
• HYPERVENTILATION
• SCUBA DIVING
• HYPOTHERMIA
• “G”
• CARBON MONOXIDE
BAROTRAUMA
• WIND !
• AIR IN YOUR INTESTINES BECOMES
PAINFUL AS PRESSURE REDUCES
WITH HEIGHT.
• AVOID FOOD THAT MAY EXAGERATE
THE PROBLEM !
• RARELY AIR CAN BE TRAPPED IN
TEETH WHICH CAN CAUSE
TREMENDOUS PAIN.
EYE SIGHT
• HAVE YOUR EYE TESTED EVERY 2
YEARS
• UK DRIVING REQUIREMENT IS
READING A NUMBER PLATE AT 20
METRES .
• CONSIDER SUN GLSSES TO PROTECT
EYS FROM UV RADIATION
• CARRY A SPARE PAIR OF GLASSES.
EARS
• THREE PARTS TO THE EAR :• OUTER EAR
• MIDDLE EAR
• INNER EAR
EUSTACHIAN TUBE
• A BLOCKAGE IN THE EUSTACHIAN TUBE
WILL CAUSE SEVERE DISCOMFORT DURING
FLIGHT.
• AIR IN THE MIDDLE EAR EXPANDS DURING
THE DESCENT ESCAPING THROUGH THE
EUSTACHIAN TUBE.
• IT IS EASIER FOR AIR TO GO INTO THE
MIDLE EAR THAN IT IS TO GO OUT .
• THUS THE EUSTACHIAN TUBE STAYS
CLOSED UNLESS ACTIVELY OPENED BY
MUSCLE ACTION SUCH AS SWALLOWING.
• IF THE TUBE IS NOT REGULALRY
OPENED DURING DESCENT A PAINFUL
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE CAN RESULT.
• OTHER PROBLEMS COULD BE TEMP’
DEAFNESS, DIZZINESS& NAUSEA.
• IF YOU SUFFER PAIN DURING A RAPID
DESCENT TRY THE VALSALVA
PROCEDURE.
VALSALVA PROCEDURE
• CLOSE NOSE AND MOUTH
• PUT TONGUE AGAINST ROOF OF
MOUTH
• BLOW GENTLY AGAINST THE
RESISTANCE
COLDS
• TISSUE IN THE NOSE SWELLS DURING
A COLD AND THUS MORE LIKELY TO
SUFFER THE PROBLEMS PREVIOUSLY
DESCRIBED.
• THE PAIN CAN DISTRACT FROM THE
PRIMARY TASK OF FLYING THE
AIRCRAFT.
SPATIAL DISORIENTATION
• THE SEMI CIRCULAR CANALS
PROVIDE BALANCE AND ORIENTATION
THROUGH THE SEMI CIRCULAR
CANALS.
SEMI CIRCULAR CANALS
HOW DOES THE BALANCE
SYSTEM WORK
• Movement of fluid in the semicircular canals
signals the brain about the direction and speed
of rotation of the head--for example, whether we
are nodding our head up and down or looking
from right to left. Each semicircular canal has a
bulbed end, or enlarged portion, that contains
hair cells. Rotation of the head causes a flow of
fluid, which in turn causes displacement of the
top portion of the hair cells that are embedded in
the jelly-like cupula
MOTION SICKNESS
• THE MISMATCH BETWEEN VISION AND THE
SENSORY INPUTS FROM THE INNER EAR.
• DISOREINTATION CAN OCCUR IN CLOUD.
INNER EAR STOPS SENDING INFO TO BRAIN
AFTER 10 TO 20 SECONDS. LOW RATE OF
TURN INNER EAR FAILS TO SENSE ANY
ROTATION. THEREFORE PILOT MAY BE IN A
TURN WITHOUT KNOWING IT.
ACTION
• PILOT MUST RELY ON THE
INSTRUMENTS
• THIS REQURES TRAINING DO NOT TRY
TO TEACH YOURSELF CLOUD FLYING.
DEHYDARATION
• AN INSIDUOUS CONDITION THAT
CAUSES :• TIREDNESS
• IRRITABILITY
• CONFUSION
• HEADACHE
• VISUAL SNOW
THIRST
• THE BODIES MECHANISM FOR
AVOIDANCE IS NOT VERY GOOD.
• ONCE YOU FEEL THIRSTY YOU ARE
ALREADY DEHYDRATED.
• PERHAPS A BETTER INDICATOR IS
THE COLOUR OF YOUR URINE !
URINE
• DEEP YELLOW URINE INDICATES THAT
YOU ARE DEHYDRATED.
• DRINK WATER AND DO NOT FLY AGAIN
UNTIL YOUR URINE IS CLEAR
WATER LOSS
• A PERSONS BODY, DURING AN
AVERAGE DAY IN A TEMPERATE
CLIMATE SUCH AS THE UK LOSES
APPROX 2.5 LITRES OF WATER. THIS
CAN BE THROUGH THE LUNGS AS
WATER VAPOUR, THROUGH THE SKIN
AS SWEAT OR THROUGH THE
KIDNEYS AS URINE.
WATER REPLACEMENT
• Water loss can increase by an order of
magnitude or more through perspiration; all of
which must be promptly replaced. In extreme
cases, the losses may be great enough to
exceed the body's ability to absorb water from
the gastrointestinal tract; in these cases, it is not
possible to drink enough water to stay hydrated,
and the only way to avoid dehydration is to
reduce perspiration (through rest, a move to a
cooler environment, etc.).
• Probably not a cockpit !
WORLD HEALTH ORG’ RECOMMENDATION
FOR WATER INTAKE
AVERAGE
CONDITIONS
MANUAL
LABOUR IN HIGH
TEMPERATURE
MALE ADULT
2.9 LITRES/DAY
4.5 LITRES/DAY
FEMALE
ADULT
2.2 LITRES/DAY
4.5 LITRES/DAY
OTHER FACTORS
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AVOID DIURETICS E.G. TEA & COFFEE
WEAR A SMALL BRIMMED HAT
AVOID ALCOHOL THE NIGHT BEFORE
CARRY ENOUGH WATER IN THE
COCKPIT
• WHAT DOES ENOUGH LOOK LIKE ?
OXYGEN
• ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE FALLS
WITH HEIGHT :• AT SEA LEVEL = 1013 MB
• 10,000 FEE T = 700 MB
• 18,000 FEET = 500 MB
OXYGEN
• NOTE :• THE PROPORTION OF OXYGEN IN THE
AIR REMAINS CONSTANT WITH
INCREASING ALTITUDE. THE LOWER
PRESSURE MEANS LESS OXYGEN
DIFFUSES THROUGH THE LUNGS INTO
THE BLOODSTREAM.
MORE OXYGEN
• RECEPTORS IN THE BRAIN MONITOR
LEVELS OF OXYGEN AND CARBON
DIOXIDE. THE RECEPTORS ARE MORE
SENSITIVE TO CARBON DIOXIDE SO IT
THE LEVEL OF C02 THAT REGULATES
THE BREATHING.
• LACK OF OXYGEN IS CALLED HYPOXIA
NOTE
• ANOXIA RESULTS WHEN OXYGEN IS
NOT BEING DELIVERED TO A PART OF
THE BODY. IF THE CONDITION DOES
NOT INVOLVE TOTAL OXYGEN
DEPRIVATION, IT IS OFTEN CALLED
HYPOXIA, ALTHOUGH THE TWO
TERMS HAVE BEEN USED
INTERCHANGEABLY
HYPOXIA
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PERSONALITY CHANGE
LACK OF INSIGHT
LOSS OF JUDGEMENT
LOSS OF SELF CRITICISM
OVER CONFIDENCE
EUPHORIA
LOSS OF MEMORY
MENTAL AND MUSCULAR INCOORDINATION
SENSORY LOSS
CYANOSIS
SEMI CONSCIOUSNESS, ULTIMATELY DEATH
WHEN DO YOU NEED OXYGEN
• YOU CAN ONLY TELL BY USING THE
ALTIMETER AS YOU MAY BE SUFFERING
FROM SYMPTONS MENTIONED !
• AIR NAV ORDER IS BEING AMENDED FOR
MANDATORY CARRYING OF OXYGEN FOR
FLIGHTS ABOVE FL130 OR IF FL100-FL130
FOR MORE THAN 30 MINS. LAWS AND REGS
STATES ABOVE 10,000FEET AMSL.
• 35,000 FEET IS THE SAFE LIMIT WITH
OXYGEN SYSTEMS.
SMOKING & BLOOD OXYGEN
• SMOKING REDUCES BLOOD OXYGEN
LEVELS BY 4 TO 8 PERCENT !
• CARBON MONOXIDE THE MAIN
COMPONENT IN TOBACCO SMOKE
HAS 300 TIMES GREATER AFFINITY
FOR HAEMOGLOBIN THEN OXYGEN.
• PIGGOT SUGGESTS SMOKERS USE
OXYGEN 3,000 FEET LOWER !
HYPERVENTILATION
• ANXETY MAY GIVE RISE TO BREATHING
TOO HARD AND TOO RAPIDLY I.E.
HYPERVENTILATION.
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SYMPTONS BEING :LIGHT HEADEDNESS
DIZZINESS
ANXIETY
TINGLING IN HANDS, FEET AND LIPS.
CURE ?
• DON’T PANIC !
• CONSCIOUSLY REDUCE THE RATE OF
BREATHING
• SYMPTONS OF HYPOXIA &
HYPERVENTILATION SIMILAR. IF SURE
IT IS HYPERVENTILATION BREATH
INTO A BAG.
SCUBA DIVING
• DIVERS BREATHE AIR UNDER PRESSURE
FORCING AIR INTO THE BLOOD.
• THE NITROGEN IN THE BLOOD TAKES TIME
TO DISPERSE AFTER SURFACING.
• DO NOT FLY WITHIN 24 HOURS OF DIVING
TO A DEPTH GREATER THAN 30 FEET
BECAUSE OF THE RISK OF
DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS (BENDS).
• TRAPPED NITROGEN FORMS BUBBLES IN
THE JOINTS AND BODY ORGANS.
HYPOTHERMIA
• LOWER TEMPERATURE AT HEIGHT IN COLD
WEATHER MAY GIVE RISE TO :• DROWSINESS
• WEAKNESS & LOSS OF COORDINATION
• SLURRED SPEECH
• SHIVERING
• AGRRESIVE OR WITHDRAWN BEHAVIOUR
• CONFUSION
G EFFECTS
• HIGH G MANOEUVRES CAN CAUSE BLACK
OUT EVEN AT LOW ALTITUDE.
• GREY OUT STARTS AS LOW AS 3G.
• WHAT G DO WE PULL IN A K21 LOOP ?
• TOLERANCE VARIES FROM INDIVIDUAL TO
INDIVIDUAL.
• NEGATIVE G IS GENERALLY MUCH MORE
UNPLEASANT.
• A FEW PEOPLE ARE VERY SENSITIVE TO
NEGATIVE G.
CARBON MONOXIDE
• MOTOR GLIDER LEAKING EXHAUST
CAN GIVE RISE TO :• HEADACHE
• FATIGUE
• SHORTNESS OF BREATH
• CONFUSION
• DIZZINESS AND FAINTING
CONCLUSION
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• PHYSICAL & MENTAL STATE IS THE MOST
IMPORTANT FACTOR IN FLYING SAFELY
KEEP A GOOD LOOK OUT
MAINTAIN CURRENCY
BE AWARE OF YOUR MENTAL ATTITUDE
DO NOT GET DEHYDRATED
AWARE OF HEIGHT NEEDING OXYGEN
MINIMISE WORKLOAD
DON’T FLY WITH A COLD
BE AWARE OF EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL
ENJOY YOUR
FLYING