Training Issues in Clinical Psychology
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Transcript Training Issues in Clinical Psychology
Training Issues in
Clinical Psychology
Created by Dr. Glenn Callaghan
Edited by Dr. Steve Del Chiaro
Scientist-Practitioner (Boulder)
Model
Developed by the American
Psychological Association (APA) in 1949
Examined training issues for Ph.D.s
Attempted to join science and practice:
scientist-practitioner model
Only when you practice can you know what
needs to be researched; only if you
research can you know how you’re
practicing
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Advantages to the ScientistPractitioner Model
Develop science-based or evidencedbased treatments
Conduct individual level science on own
practice
Use science to influence others’ practice
ACCOUNTABILITY
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Scientist-Practitioner Model
The reality is that this doesn’t exist
Clinicians do not consume research (Cohen,
Sargent, & Sechrest, 1986; Morrow-Bradley &
Elliot, 1986)
Clinicians do not use empirical methods to
evaluate their own treatments (Barlow, et al.,
1987)
Clinicians do not contribute to the scientific
community (Haynes, Lemsky, & Sexton-Radek,
1987)
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Scientist-Practitioner Model
Set up a new distinction called the
Clinical-Scientist Model by APS
Boulder model still most popular, but
the APA has created a practice guild
Guild’s interests are not always in
advancement of science
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Professional Competence
Certification Process (licensing)
Attempt to protect the public by restricting
the use of the title “psychologist”
Doesn’t restrict anybody from practicing as
long as they don’t use the word
“psychologist”
Some argue it just protects psychologists
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Licensing
Protect the public by specifying the nature of
“psychologist”, the training required for
licensure, and what professional activities can
be billed
Requirements for licensure often include:
Receiving training at an accredited program
For “Psychologist” - must have a doctorate
For psychotherapist - can another advanced
degree
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Licensing
Done by states
Term “psychologist” is protected
only those with Ph.D. and Psy.D. can use it
anyone can call him/her self a “counselor”
Requirements of licensing vary from state to
state
Can require a Ph.D./Psy.D. in Clinical or Counseling
psychology
but, “School Psychologist” = MA/MS
MFT, LCSW = MA/MS
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Licensing
Requirements of licensing
1-2 yrs post-degree supervised experience
is required
3000 hours total for all licenses
Passing a written and/or oral examination
Being a resident of the state
Continuing education
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Graduate Training in Clinical
Psychology
Assumptions about graduate training
(explicit) This is trainable
(explicit) This requires training
(explicit) There is a knowledge base in
clinical science that should be known
(explicit) Some of this cannot be trained in
class rooms
(implicit) Some of this requires
apprenticing
Art-type of clinical epistemology
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Profile of Practitioners
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Clinical Psychology
Most common subspecialty of
psychology
Focus on psychopathology and serious
problems
Research, develop treatments, and
intervene with depression, anxiety,
personality disorders, etc.
Greatest proportion of Ph.D.s
Counseling Psychology is 2nd
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Ph.D. Areas by Popularity
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Counseling Psychology
2nd most common subspecialty of psych
Historically - roots in career development
Focus on “normative” issues
Vs. clinical focus on abnormal behavior/disorder
Adjustment focus vs. disorder
Career search
Coping with divorce
Coping with illness
Enhancing effectiveness
Building self-confidence
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Training - Doctorate
Education
Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy)
Traditional research emphasis in addition
3-4 yrs coursework/practicum
1-? yrs dissertation research
1500 hours internship (similar to residency)
Psy. D. (Doctor of Psychology)
3-4 yrs coursework/practicum
1500 hours internship (similar to residency)
1-? yrs dissertation research
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Coursework for PhD
Training in statistics and research
methodology
Training in theory
Training in psychotherapy
Conduct research (MA, then
dissertation)
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Coursework for PhD
Clinical placement
Do qualifying exams/comps
Clinical internship (1500 hrs)
Postdoctoral internship (1500 hrs)
Job?….
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Training Example for Ph.D.
4 yrs Bachelor degree – Psychology, University of California, Irvine
1 yr Masters Program – MA Experimental Psych (CSU, Fullerton)
Research placement – UC Irvine Medical Center
5 yrs Doctoral Program – Clinical Psychology, University of Nevada
Assistantship – Psychological Services Clinic Assistant
Practicum – UNR Student Services
Practicum – Victims of Crime Treatment Center
1 yr dissertation
Development and testing psychotherapy coding system
1 yr internship
University of California, San Diego/San Diego Veterans
Administration Hospital consortium
Depression, substance abuse and outpatients services
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Dollars and cents
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Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)
Model
Emphasis on the development of clinical skills
and a relative de-emphasis on research
competency
Heavy amount of clinical training
First developed at Univ. of Illinois in 1968
By 1998, 36 programs accredited in U.S.
Click here for the article: Appreciating the
PsyD: The Facts
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Psy.D Model
Debate continues
Some argue PsyDs indistinguishable to
PhD’s when applying for internship and
may have an advantage for clinical jobs
Some argue PhDs do more scholarly
work and may be better equipped to
evaluate and be critical of ideas,
techniques, or theories handed to them
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Professional Schools
Schools that have no affiliation with
universities that generally grant PsyD
Free-standing Universities
First was California School of
Professional Psychology (CSPP)
By 1993, almost ½ doctorates in clinical
psychology were awarded by
professional schools
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Professional Schools
Pros
Lots of clinical training
Admit many students
Cons
Expensive
Usually not accredited
May be unstable (buyer beware)
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Roles of Clinical & Counseling
Psychologists
Research
Assessment
Treatment
Teaching
Consultation
Administration
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Work Settings (PhD & PsyD)
Private and Group practice
35%
Colleges and Universities
25%
Hospitals & Medical Schools
25%
Outpatient Clinics
16%
Business and Industry
9%
Military
2%
Other locations (schools, prisons, etc…)
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Masters Level Degrees for
Practice
MS MFT
MSW LCSW
others…
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Training for Masters
Education
Masters level therapists
MS in clinical or counseling psychology
Marriage Family Therapists (MFT)
2-4 years coursework/practicum
2 years internship
Masters in Social Work
Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW)
2-4 years coursework/practicum
2 years internship
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Coursework for Masters Level
Clinicians
Some training in theory
Some training in applied research
Goal is to develop critical skills for consumers of
research
Lots of training in psychotherapy
Do qualifying exams/comps
Pre-degree clinical placement/internship
(750 hrs)
Post-degree internship (2250 hrs)
job?….
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Training Example for MS
4 yrs Bachelor degree – Psychology, University of
California Santa Cruz
2 yr Masters Program – MS Clinical Psychology, San Jose
State University
Fieldwork placement – Family & Children Services,
San Jose
2 yrs Internship
Franklin McKinley School
School problems, substance abuse, depression, anxiety
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Masters Level Degrees
Advantages
If don’t want to do research
Less overhead
More likely to be employed conducting
therapy than Ph.D.s
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Masters Level Degrees
Disadvantages
Uncertain outcome
Lower rate of pay
Less skills with accountability (may be
necessary skills)
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Critical Thinking Moment
Requiring therapy for training
APA has rules about who can do this and who
cannot while in training
Hotly contested issue
Relevance of the student’s own therapy to conduct
therapy
Personal development
Ties to history of psychotherapy
What do you think?
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Graduate School
Degree Options
Degree Choices
Many factors should influence this
What do you want to do when you are done with
your degree?
e.g., Research, Service delivery
Let that determine what degree you pursue
more than “prestige”
Some degrees will not let you do what you
want
Consider the duties you want to perform,
rather than a job title.
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Degree Choices
How much time do you want to spend
getting your degree?
2 years, 4 years, 7 years?
Are you able to move?
Can you assemble a competitive
application?
How are your grades?
Do you have the requisite experience?
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Ph.D. or Masters?
Should I get a Ph.D. or a Masters?
Depends on what you want to do!
Do you want to do research?
Masters in Experimental Psych
Ph.D.
Do you want to focus on service delivery?
Masters in applied area (clinical, I/O) (MS, MSW)
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Ph.D. or Masters?
Ph.D.
Research degree
Developing studies, carrying them out
Program evaluation
Administration
Academics
Often minimal practice or service delivery
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Ph.D. or Masters?
Ph.D.
Pros:
More flexibility in job choice
Can be better pay
More flexibility if move from state to state for
some specialties
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Ph.D. or Masters?
Ph.D.
Cons:
Takes a long time to complete
Very focused area of expertise
Limited to research or administration (some
areas)
More loans on average
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Ph.D. or Masters?
Masters
Tend to be practice or service delivery
oriented
Do not typically focus on production of
research
Do focus on consumption of research
Can lead to licensing
Marriage Family Therapist (MFT)
Masters in Social Work (MSW)
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Master of What?
Designation of MS or MA depends on school!
Masters of Science
Traditionally a “trade” or “applied science” degree
May be a terminal degree
SJSU’s MS in Clinical Psychology
May be a research degree
Masters of Arts
Traditionally more breadth
May be a research degree
SJSU’s MA in Experimental Psychology
May be terminal degree
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Ph.D. or Masters?
Masters
Pros
Shorter time to complete
Owe less money
Very focused training
Typically set up for licensing
Once finish hours (if required)
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Ph.D. or Masters?
Masters
Cons:
Often less pay than Ph.D. (but less overhead)
Less flexibility to move if licensed in one state
Harder to get a teaching position (if interested)
Will do less program administration and
evaluation (typically)
NOTE: some programs will require you to
have applied experience prior to applying
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Ph.D. or Masters?
Should I get a Masters first if I want to
go on for a Ph.D.?
Yes, if you need to:
If you can’t get in yet OR didn’t get in yet
If you feel you are not ready yet and would
benefit from more training
If the Ph.D. program you are interested in
requires it
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Ph.D. or Masters
What kind of Masters should I get if I
want to go on to a Ph.D.?
Often, it is an Masters (MA at SJSU) in
General or Experimental psychology
Prepares you for research programs
Do NOT apply for a terminal masters (SJSU
MS Clinical) if you want a Ph.D.
These do not prepare you for research
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The Route to a Graduate Degree
BA/BS in Psych
This is a
straight path for
researchers
4-7 years
Ph.D. in
specific area
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The Route to a Graduate Degree
BA/BS in Psych
This is a path to
get into Ph.D.
with a Masters
1-2 years
Masters in Experimental
SJSU MA Experimental
The MA
prepares for
Ph.D. programs
On the way:
Presentations,
Publications,
Thesis
3-6 years
Ph.D. in
specific area
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The Route to a Graduate Degree
BA/BS in Psych
2-4 years
The Applied
Masters prepares
service providers
Masters in Applied area
(terminal degree)
Ph.D. in
specific area
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The Route to a Graduate Degree
BA/BS in Psych
2-4 years
Masters in Applied area
Ph.D. in
specific area
The Applied
Masters will not
prepare students
for a traditional
academic Clinical
Ph.D. program
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A Note on Licensing
Many hours required to get licensing
Clinical psychology
Ph.D. or Masters
3,000 hours of clinical experience required to
get licensed
Ph.D. = licensed psychologist
1500 pre-degree on internship + 1500 post
doctorate THEN take licensing test
Masters = MFT or MSW
500 pre-degree as trainee + 2500 post degree as
intern THEN take licensing test
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Social Work
Training is in placement of the individual into
social system
Greater focus on social dynamic than individual
therapy
Psychotherapy tends to be secondary in training
Can practice therapy in CA and elsewhere
Masters in social work leads to Licensed
Clinical Social Worker (LCSW)
Is this the best degree for you?
It all depends…
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Graduate School
Getting in: Pieces of the Puzzle
Are you ready?
Getting in
Harder than undergrad
Need several ingredients
Some ingredients take time to build
Need to set this up for yourself well in
advance
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Ingredients for graduate
school applications
These are slices of a pie
Some slices can be less if others are more
Experience
Statement
Letters
GREs
GPA
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Ingredients: Grades
Grades
They count!
Overall GPA, Psych GPA, Last 2 years’ GPA
Need to make minimal cutoffs
Ph.D. programs – typically 3.5 and above
Masters programs – 3.0 and above
Demonstrate competence to move to specialty
Remember, if you are short here, you have
to make it up in another area
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Ingredients: GREs
Entrance Exams
Most programs require these
Many require the Graduate Record Exam
(GREs)
3 Sections: V, Q, A
Many look at Verbal (V) and Quantitative (Q)
These two need to add up to over 1000 min
PhD – 1200 and above
Masters – over 1000
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Ingredients: GREs (cont’d)
GREs
Tips:
Study!
Take early
Take more than once
Remember caveats about size of slices
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Ingredients: Statement
Statement of Intent
Needs to be clear and concise
Answer questions that they ask
Don’t over disclose
Say why that program
Revise and rewrite!
DO NOT shotgun applications
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Ingredients: Letters
Letters of Recommendation/Reference
Need to be from people who can evaluate
your skills
Ideally these skills relate directly to the
program you are applying to
Need the number they ask for
Can typically do one more than that
Need to be good letters
not mediocre, especially not bad
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Ingredients: Experience
Experience
Needs to be in area related to type of
program you are applying to
If applied degree e get applied
experience
Show evidence of being around population or
issues relevant to your work
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Ingredients: Experience
Experience
If research degree e get research
experience
Show evidence that you know what research is,
what it is like, and that you are good at it
Need to assemble a Curriculum Vitae
(CV) or a resume
summarize experience clearly
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Graduate School
Getting in: Considering the Odds
Considering the Odds
Ph.D. programs and Masters programs
have different acceptance rates
These rates change depending on
Ph.D. vs Masters
The type of specialty program you apply to
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Considering the Odds
Ph.D. programs
Lower odds of gaining admission
Tend to accept fewer individuals
Class of 5 to 10
Competition is more stringent
May accept only 4 - 12% of applicants
Depends on degree program
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Considering the Odds
Ph.D. in Health Service Provider Fields
Clinical
0.12
Community
0.33
Counseling
0.14
Health
0.25
School
0.28
Other
0.20
Subtotal
0.17
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Considering the Odds
Ph.D. in Research / Other Fields
Cognitive
Developmental
Educational
Experimental
Industrial/Organizational
Neuroscience/Physiological/Bio
Personality
Quantitative
Social
Other
0.25
0.22
0.37
0.24
0.14
0.20
0.17
0.40
0.17
0.32
Subtotal
0.23
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Considering the Odds:
Example
Example with clinical psychology
Much depends on type of program
Overall acceptance rate: 12-13%
Accredited by APA (very important)
Private schools:
7511 applied
873 accepted
12% acceptance rate
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Considering the Odds:
Example
Example with clinical psychology
Accredited by APA (very important)
Public schools:
15198 applied
1033 accepted
6% acceptance rate
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Considering the Odds
Ph.D. programs
GRE averages for 1999-2000
Min V+Q = 1066
admitted score V+Q = 1161
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Considering the Odds
Ph.D. programs
GPA averages (99-00)
overall min = 3.04
Admitted in
overall = 3.53
last 2 years = 3.61
Psych = 3.66
Masters = 3.77
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Considering the Odds
Masters programs
Better odds of gaining admission
Tend to accept more individuals
Class of 15 to 20
Competition is less stringent
May accept up to 25 to 50%
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Considering the Odds
Master's Programs in Health Service
Provider Fields
Clinical
0.56
Community
0.56
Counseling
0.67
School
0.44
Other
0.67
Subtotal
0.59
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Considering the Odds
Master's Programs in Research / Other Fields
Developmental
Educational
Experimental
Ind/Org
General
Social
Other
Subtotal
0.56
0.78
0.59
0.45
0.60
0.38
0.67
0.60
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Considering the Odds
Masters programs
GPA averages (99-00)
overall min = 2.90
Admitted in
overall = 3.33
last 2 years = 3.45
Psych = 3.48
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Considering the Odds
Masters programs
GRE averages for 1999-2000
Min V+Q = 975
admitted score V+Q = 1057
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Considering the Odds
Should I apply if I don’t meet minimal
criteria?
Not if you expect to get in
If you can show another area is very
strong, then make your case
Be Persistent
Many times takes more than one attempt
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Considering the Odds
Apply to your dream school
Take your time with your decision
Don’t let someone say you can’t get in
Be thoughtful about your choices
Be realistic about your possibilities
Don’t turn down an offer that hasn’t
been made
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Useful Resources
Your professors
Your fellow students
e Resources
Getting in: www.apa.org/students
Salaries in Psych jobs
http://research.apa.org/99salaries.html
Application statistics
http://research.apa.org/doctoral.html
Acceptance into Grad School Statistics
http://research.apa.org/gs00tab18.pdf
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