Transcript Applications of P2 in Coastal Zone

Applications of P2 in the
Coastal Zone: Case Studies
Opportunities and Limitations in a Complex Physical and
Political Environment
Michael Asakawa
November 16, 2000
ESM 595: Seminar in Pollution Prevention
A Place of Extremities
High population density
4 billion within 80 km of the coast
Land-sea-air interactions
Unique biological and economic resources
Complex political regime
Diffuse and multiple jurisdictions over a
given issue/industry/resource
Notable (Federal) Laws
 Normal pollution laws apply
 CWA and Pollution Prevention Act of 1990
 Ocean-specific acts
 Characterized by “end-of-the-pipe” bans &
restrictions
 Coastal Zone Management Act
 Federal-State funding partnership
 1990 amendments: non-point pollution control
program
P2 in the Marina Industry:
Broward County, Florida
Summerfield Boat Works
Storage, fueling, service, and repair.
Environmental Impacts
Hull stripping and painting
Paint composition: Metal-based w/ antifoulants
Hull blasting: Abrasive grit and paint chips
Run-off
Hazardous material disposal
Painting: Emissions of VOCs
Storing and handling waste liquids
Marinas and Broward County
 40,000 boat registrations
 16,610 marine service
jobs
 $245 million in direct
earnings
 Est. $789 million in direct
& indirect revenue
Regulatory History
1980s: Broward County Environmental
Quality Control Board
Command-and-control approach
Erratic enforcement
Great ambiguity with the regulations
Sour relationship between the Board
and the marina industry
New Attitude: DNRP
New agency: Dept. of Natural Resource
Protection (DNRP)
Contacted owners, operators, and the
regional trade association (MIASF)
Held regular meetings to develop
compliance guidelines
Cooperative and non-confrontational
BMPs for Marinas
 Streamlined and consolidated regulations into
a workable document
 Primary objectives of the BMPs are:
“[T]o develop a pollution prevention and best
management practice for marine facilities operating in
Broward County which facilitates compliance with
applicable environmental regulations, minimizes
wastes, and fosters a pollution prevention attitude
within [the] industry.”
 Excludes facilities with <10 boat slips
Examples
 Advising tenants of “no sewage discharge”
rule; having pump-out facility at marinas with
live-aboards
 Leak-proof (!) containers and storage areas
located on impervious surfaces
 No discharge of paint/petroleum wastes
 Use of biodegradable soaps for washing
 Re-use of waste gasoline whenever possible
A Hull Washing Solution
 Power wash filtration system
Washed into drain where it is
physically/chemically treated
$46,415
Closed-loop recycling system
Oxidizes pollutants – re-usable water
$30,000, and 24,000 gallons/yr conserved
Alternate Blasting Media
Glass
Ceramic Stainless
Steel
Steel
Aluminum Silicon
Bead
Yes
Yes
Yes
Shot
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cut Wire
Yes
Yes
Yes
Shot
Yes
Yes
Yes
Grit
Yes
Yes
No
Oxide
Yes
Yes
No
Carbide
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Working Speed
Med
Med
Med
Med
Recyclability
High-Low
High
High
Finishing
Cleaning/Removal
Peening
Surface Profiling
(Etch)
Probability of Metal
Very Low Very Low
Removal
Very
Low
VeryHigh
Very
Low
MedHigh
VeryHigh
Med
High
Med-High
Med-High
VeryHigh
MedLow
MedHigh
Garnet
Crushed Plastic
Agri
Yes
Yes
No
Glass
Yes
Yes
No
Media
No
Yes
No
Shell
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
High
High
MedHigh
LowHigh
Med
Low
Very
Low
Very
Low
Med
Med
MedLow
LowMed
Source: http://www.sandmasters.com/
Example: Plastic pellets can be recycled 10-12 times; only a couple pounds of
waste paint for a 50-ft vessel.
Grit Recovery System
Handling Pesticides and VOCs
 Alternate anti-fouling agents
 Silicone-based paints (slippery)
 Cayenne-based product (hot!)
 Alternate paints
 Water-based or low VOC paints
 But less durable
 Alternate spray technique: HVLP
 Greater control w/ less excess spray
 50-60% paint applied (as opposed to 7085% wasted)
Broward’s BMPs: A General Success
 Positives
 Easy-to-follow
document
 Developed through
cooperation
 Communication and
education revealed
economic solutions
 Improved public
image
 Negatives
 Not entirely P2’s
“source reductions”
 Small operation
exemption
 Minor surcharge
often required to
meet compliance
Waste Reduction in the Cruise
Line Industry
The Issue of Marine Waste
A floating city
Avg. vessel: 1400 passengers,
600 crew members
0.32-3.5 kg of waste per day per person
Large vessel: a ton of garbage per day
Avg. cruise lasts about six days
Industry produces 13,347 tons annually
Impacts of Disposed Garbage
 Largely aesthetic impact in beaches
 Some specific health threats
 Cuts from glass or wire
 Divers becoming entangled in rope
 Ecological impacts
 Plastic entangles marine wildlife
 Damage to reefs; opportunities to alter community
structure
 Occasional hazardous issues (100s of gallons/wk)
International Law: Annex V
 IMO’s Annex V of MARPOL
 Includes domestic, operational, and cargo-related waste
 Determines location of discharges including:
 No discharge within 3 miles of the shore
 Zero release of plastics at sea
 Harsher requirements for Special Areas: Only ground
food wastes
 U.S. signed Annex V into law with Marine Plastic
Research and Control Act (MPPRCA) of 1987
 Includes penalties for non-compliance
Sources of Wastes
Note: Only food wastes can be discharged in Special Areas
Shades of Source Reductions
 Most notable impact upon plastics
 Individual plastic packets of food or bathroom amenities
 larger re-usable containers, or biodegradable
materials
 Plastic silverware  Durable serving pieces
 1/3 reduction in plastic waste
 Other materials: Aluminum
 Soda cans have been replaced by soda fountains
 Reduction of 2 million cans per year
Recycling and Storage
 30% of waste is recyclable
 Ships must store their waste until they get to
a port with the appropriate handling facilities
 A series of shredders, compactors, and
crushers is required, as well as a sanitary
storage area
 High volume, low density waste gets to 1025% of its original size
Treatment and Discharge
 Bottom of the P2 hierarchy
 Most common method:
incineration
 Changing regulatory
situation could alter its
present use
 Technology seems to be
adapting to catch ash and
re-use heat
Mixed Messages
 Industry says P2 is the way …
 A lot discussion about P2
 Role of environmental officers and crew
education
 Self-imposed zero-discharge rules for solid
waste
 … but there are recent violations
 Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.: $18 million
 Holland America and RCCL: $8.5 million
Stumbling Points For P2
 Perceived lack of enforcement
 APHIS and Coast Guard considered ineffective
 Consumer awareness is the best oversight
 Deficiency of foreign port facilities
 Slowly being addressed through World Bank
projects
 P2 practices highly conflicts with the product
sold: luxury!
P2 Lessons Learned From The
Marina and Cruise Line
Industries
Lessons Learned
A meeting of minds between parties
A spirit of cooperation
Jurisdictional agreements
Continual communication allows P2 to
persist
Doesn’t have to be done in a voluntary
format
Lessons Learned
Perceptions do seem to be key
A greener image
Means of enforcement must be clear
Helps to see economic benefits
The “spirit” of pollution prevention
cannot conflict with that of the product
being sold
Suggested References
 National Pollution Prevention Center:
http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/compendia
/coastal.html
 Broward and the Marina Industry
 http://www.co.broward.fl.us/ppi00400.htm
 http://www.pprc.org/pprc/sbap/shipyard/oregon/rt_rept.html
 The Cruise Line Industry
 http://www.nap.edu/books/0309051371/html/140.html
 http://www.princess.com/about/policy2.html