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CITATION
(End-Text Reference)
RPW 305
Academic English
Survival Skills II
Unit I (pp. 59-65)
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
END –TEXT REFERENCE
WHAT IS END-TEXT REFERENCE?
• The second component of giving references is
end-text reference, which provides a more
detailed account of the sources that have
been used in the essay.
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
What is the aim of giving end-text
reference?
To provide the reader with all the necessary
information in case they want to make use
of the same source.
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
CAUTION
• Make sure that any source cited in the text
with paranthetical reference must also appear
in the end-text reference.
Where do we place end-text
reference in the essay?
• As you can understand from the name, endtext reference is listed under the title
“References” at the end of your essay.
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
BRIEF GUIDELINES for GIVING ENDTEXT REFERENCE
• The list of works should be arranged
alphabetically by the author’s surnames.
• The title of the reference list should be
“References” and should be centered on the
page.
• The reference list should begin on a new page.
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
BRIEF GUIDELINES for GIVING ENDTEXT REFERENCE
• The entries should be double-spaced. The first line should be
flushed with the left margin, and all subsequent lines should
be indented five spaces from the left margin.
EXAMPLE:
Cox, K., & Hill, D. (2004). EAP now! English for Academic
Purposes: Teacher’s Book. New South Wales, NSW:
Pearson and Longman.
Indented
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BOOK WITH ONE WRITER
Author’s
surname
Initials of the
author’s
first name
Year of
Publication
Name of the
book
Ayling, S. E. (1966). Portraits of
power. New York: Barnes &
Nobles, Inc.
City of
publication
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
Publisher of
the book
BOOK WITH ONE WRITER
• As end-text reference:
Ayling, S. E. (1966). Portraits of Power. New York:
Barnes & Nobles, Inc.
HOW DO YOU CITE THIS BOOK AS IN-TEXT
REFERENCE?
• As in-text reference:
(Ayling, 1966, p.56)
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
BOOK WITH TWO WRITERS
• As end-text reference
Oshima, A., & Hogue, A. (1983). Writing academic
english. Massachutes: Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company.
HOW DO YOU CITE THIS BOOK AS IN-TEXT
REFERENCE?
• As in-text reference
(Oshima & Hogue, 1983, p. 85)
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
BOOK WITH THREE or MORE WRITERS
• List by last names and initials; commas
separate author names, while the last author
name is preceded again by ampersand.
Hughes, R. L., Ginnett, R.C., & Curphy, G. J. (2006). Leadership:
Enhancing the lessons of experience
(5th ed.). Singapore:
Mc-Graw-Hill.
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
How do you cite this book in the text?
Hughes, R. L., Ginnett, R.C., & Curphy, G. J. (2006). Leadership:
Enhancing the lessons of experience
(5th ed.). Singapore:
Mc-Graw-Hill.
The first time it is mentioned?
(Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, 2006, p. 34)
From the second time onwards?
(Hughes et al., 2006, p.34)
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
Book – chapter in edited book
Helber, L. E., (1995). Redeveloping mature
resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T.
Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management
principles and practice (pp. 105-113).
Chichester, England: John Wiley.
The author and chapter title come first, followed by the
editors and book title. The page numbers of the chapter are
also required.
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
BOOK WITH EDITOR(S)
Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1997).
Intercultural communication: A reader (8th
ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
WHAT DO THESE COLORS SHOW?
Helber, L. E., (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new
markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island
tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105113). Chichester, England: John Wiley.
Author’s
? name
Book?name
Year of
?
publication
Page
?
numbers
Chapter
? title
Place of
?
publication
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
Editors’
?
names
Publisher
CHAPTER or ARTICLE in a BOOK
Surname
of the writer
Book’s year
of publication
Name of
the article
Name of the
book’s editors
King, M. L. (2007). Three ways of meeting oppression. In S Bachmann, & M.
Barth (Eds.),Between worlds: A reader, rhetoric and handbook (5th ed.). (pp.
237-240). New York: Pearson – Longman.
page numbers
of the article
Name of
the book
As in-text reference:
(King, 2007, pp. 237 – 238)
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
How many times the
book has been edited
ARTICLE in a JOURNAL
Name of
writers
Journal’s year
of publication
Name of
the article
Name of the
journal
Lewis, C., & Robinson W. (2005). The authoritarian personality. The Journal of
Psychology, 40 (4), 470 – 501.
Volume number
of the journal
Issue number
of the journal
page numbers
of the article
As in-text reference:
(Lewis & Robinson, 2005, p. 471)
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
INTERNET ARTICLE
Author’s
surname
Date of publication /
release on the Web
Name of
the article
Mango, A. (2000, September 24). Atatürk in his lifetime and today. Retrieved
September 1, 2008, from http://www.ataturksociety.org/asa/voa/mango.html
Date when the
article was accessed
Web address of the site
where the article was found
As in-text reference:
(Mango, 2000, para. 3)
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
IMPORTANT REMINDER
• While writing end-text references, you need
to be very careful with the punctuation,
capitalization and italicization.
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
•
You are not expected to memorize the
conventions of end-text referencing; when
you need to prepare a reference list, refer
to;
a.
b.
c.
d.
The explanations above for the basics
Appendix B-5
The Publication Manual of the APA
www.apa.org
DON’T WORRY!
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
TASK 4 (p. 62)
• Go back to pages 60-62 and identify which
components are:
a. CAPITALIZED
b. italicized
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
Items that need to be CAPITALIZED:
• First letter of the first word in book titles and
subtitles (other words are not capitalized)
• First letters of the words in journal titles
• First letter of the first word in the article title
in a journal (other words are not capitalized)
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
Items that need to be italicized:
• Names of the books
• Names of the journals
• Volume number of journals
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
TASK 5 (p. 63)
1. a) author’s surname
b) place of publication
2. title of the book
3. a) author’s initial
b) name of the publishing company
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
TASK 6 (p. 63)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
a
i
c
d
j
6) e
7) f
8) g
9) b
10) h
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
STUDY PACK (pp. 24-25)
• Do the exercises:
In-text and End-text referencing practice
sheet
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
• Chapter or article in a book:
• Fontana, A. & Frey, J. (1994).
Interviewing: The art of science. In N.
Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of
qualitative research. (pp. 361-376).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
• An article in a journal:
• Rogers,G. (1999). Reflections on teaching
remote and isolated children. Education in
Rural Australia, 9 (2), 65-68.
• A book:
• Gilbert, R. & Gilbert, P. (1998). Masculinity
goes to school. St Leonards, NSW: Allen
& Unwin.
• An internet article:
• Rothkop, D. (2007, February 24). In Praise
of Cultural Imperialism? Effects of
Globalization on Culture. Retrieved May
31, 2010, from
http://www.globalpolicy.org./glabaliz/cultur
al/globalcult.htm