Transcript Regents Review - Ancient Greece

Macedonia Under Philip II
Threat of Macedonia
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Phillip II – 359 B.C.
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Unites all of Greece under Macedonia
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Created a true monarchy
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Brilliant military strategist
Battle of Chaeronea
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Macedonia defeats the Greeks
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Uses phalanx formations & then cavalry to
crush opponents
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Alexander leads a cavalry charge at 18
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Plan was to unite Greeks to go against Persians
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Phillip II was assassinated
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At his daughters wedding in 336 B.C.
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Son, Alexander take the throne
Death of Phillip II of Macedonia
Alexander the Great
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20 years old when he took the throne
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Motivated by a desire & empire
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Tutored by Aristotle
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Desire to avenge Persian burning of Athens
Alexander’s Conquests
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334 B.C. defeated the Persian Army
 30,000 infantry – 5,000 cavalry
 hit Persians quickly and used phalanx formation
 freed Greek city-states in Asia Minor
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332 B.C. defeated Syria, Palestine, and Egypt
 Alexandria became the Greek capital of Egypt
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Turned toward Pakistan and India
 soldiers refused and went home
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323 B.C. returned to Babylon
 died at age 32 from wounds, fever and alcohol
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great in
Persia
Legacy of Alexander
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Great Military leader
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Motivated by desire
 Created largest empire ancient world had
known
 willing to risk his own life
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Sought to imitate Achilles
 kept a copy of the Illiad under his pillow
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Extended Greek rule over a vast area
 brought much wealth to Greece & Macedonia
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New culture emerges from blend of Greek and
Eastern customs
 Alexander adopted Persian dress and
married a Persian woman
Alexander the Great’s Empire
The Hellenistic Kingdoms
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Hellenistic Culture
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Blend of Greek culture w/ Egyptian,
Persian and Indian influence
Rulers encouraged massive spread of Greek
colonies
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Southwest Asia
 modern Afghanistan and India
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Architecture and Sculpture
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Built throughout the empire
 moved away from earlier classicism
to realistic art
The Hellenization of Asia
Pergamum: A Hellenistic City
Greatest Accomplishment of
the Hellenistic Age
• Alexander the Great saved Greek
Culture and spread their ideas to
every new place he conquered.
• The new culture that emerged was
called “Hellenistic” culture, which
means “Greek-like”.
• All of the following are the legacies of
this Hellenistic age….
Science & Technology
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Alexander preserved Greek and Egyptian
learning
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Observatory: study planets and stars
Ptolemy
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Friend to Alexander – satrap of Egypt
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Last renowned astronomer
 said Earth was center of universe
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Eratosthenes
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Said Earth was round – 28,000-29,000
miles (within 185 m.)
 was an astronomer as well as poet
Mathematics & Physics
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Euclid
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Mathematician taught in Alexandria
 Elements: best known book
 still used as basis for geometry
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Archimedes
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Most famous scientist
 geometry of spheres and cylinders
 mathematical constant pi
 created device that raised water
from the ground
 created pulley to lift heavy object
Archimedes Moving the World
The Economy of the Hellenistic
World
Hellenistic Philosophers
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Athens chief center of philosophy
 New system of Epicureanism and
Stoicism
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Epicureanism: self interest
 avoid pain & seek pleasure.
 Gods had no interest in humans
 politics should be avoided.
 soul dies with body, should not
fear death
Epicurus
“Pleasure is our first and kindred good. It is the startingpoint of every choice …”
Zeno - Stoicism
Realism in Sculpture
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Hellenistic Art
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More realistic; less ideal than Greek
art
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Showed individual emotions, wrinkles,
and age!
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Moved away from appreciation of
human body
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Female nudes become popular
Colossus of Rhodes
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100 ft. high – one of 7 wonders of
the Ancient World
Hellenistic Art
The Breakup of Alexander’s
Empire
7 Wonders of the World
Tourist attractions of the
Hellenistic World
1. Pyramids of Khufu
26th century BC
2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon
6th century BC
3. Temple of Artemis
6th century BC
4. Statue of Zeus
5th century BC
5. Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
4th century BC
6. Colossus of Rhodes
3rd century BC
7. Lighthouse of Alexandria
3rd century BC
The Temple of Artemis
• City of Ephesus - Western
Turkey
• First shrine to Goddess
Artemis built around 800 B.C.
• Goddess of fertility
• First temple burnt in 356 BC -
Herostratus
• New temple - 425 ft long & 225
ft wide - 127 columns
– Parthenon 230 ft long, 100
ft wide
& 58 columns
• Major tourist attraction
– Souvenirs & religious items
including miniature statues
of Artemis
• Destroyed by Goths in 262 A.D
• Few remains today
– Marble salvaged for local
building needs
Hanging Gardens Of Babylon - Iraq
• Garden built by King
Nebuchadnezzar, who
ruled the city for 43 years
starting in 605 BC
• Strabo described them as
groups of vaulted terraces
raised one above another
• Built to cheer up
Nebuchadnezzar's
homesick wife, Amyitis
from Medes
– Land she came from
was green, rugged and
mountainous, and she
found the flat, sunbaked terrain of
Mesopotamia
depressing.
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Western Turkey
Mausolus, with his queen
Artemisia (also sister),
ruled over Halicarnassus
& the surrounding
territory for 24 years
In 353 B.C. Mausolus died
Artemisia, heartbroken,
decided to build the
world’s most splendid
tomb
Stood above the city ruins
for some 17 centuries
until destroyed by an
earthquake in 1404 AD
The Great Pharos Lighthouse
Alexandria, Egypt founded by
Alexander in 332 BC
Under Ptolemys the city
became rich and
prosperous
City needed both a symbol & a
mechanism to guide the
many trade ships into the
busy harbor
Built on the island of Pharos
Building of the Pharos started
in 290 B.C
Took 20 years to complete
Became tallest building in
existence, with the
exception of the Great
Pyramid
Became big tourist attraction
Damaged by earthquakes
Finally collapsed in 1306 AD
The Great Pyramids of Giza
Pharaoh Khufu 2400
BC
• Only remaining
wonder
• 756 feet long & 450
high
• Tallest man-made
structure for over
4400 years until
1889 - Eiffel Tower
• Composed of
2,300,000 blocks of
stone
• Originally covered
by a beautiful
smooth limestone
surfacing
• Khufu’s tomb and
treasure has never
been found
The Colossus of Rhodes
• Island of Rhodes was an
important economic center
• Southwestern tip of Asia
Minor
• Held off a siege of city for over
a year
• Celebrated the victory by
building huge statue
• Melted metal from war
machines left behind
• Construction took 12 years
• 110 ft high and stood upon a
50 foot pedestal near the
harbor
• Destroyed by earthquake after
56 years
Statue of Zeus
• Temple of Zeus at
Olympia – constructed
470 to 460 B.C.
• Similar to Parthenon in
design
• Needed a magnificent
statue of Zeus
– 50 feet high
• Phidias – sculptor
– Statue of Athena in
the Parthenon