Transcript in3.dem.ist.utl.pt

ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES CHARTER
FOR THE 21ST. CENTURY
•
Develop and operate facilities and undertake activities with
energy efficiency, sustainable use of renewable resources
and waste generation in mind.
• Conduct or support research on the impact and ways to
minimize the impacts of raw materials, products or
processes, emissions and wastes.
•
Modify the manufacture, marketing, or use of products and
services so as to prevent serious or irreversible
environmental damage. Develop and provide products and
services that do not harm the environment.
•
Contribute to the transfer of environmentally
technology and management methods.
sound
C& E News, April 8, 1991, pg. 4
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY’S RESPONSIBLE CARE PROGRAM
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ENVIRONMENTAL & REGULATORY DRIVERS
-- “DESIGN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT” -SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT -- Industrial Ecology
– Cradle to Grave material design -- feedstock, manufacture,
use, ultimate disposability
– ISO 14000 Series Standards
– “Life Cycle Concepts” applied to design of materials
SUSTAINABILITY/ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES
– Use of annually renewable resources
– non-toxic, non-polluting (emissions & waste) reactants and
products
• water-based -- no voc’s
• worker saftey
• Safe (TOSCA approved), easy to handle
– Biodegradability and recyclability
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SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
• Not just a prescribed set of practices
• Challenges industry to think about long-term
implications of its practices from a holistic
ecological perspective
• provide for the economic and societal needs
without comprising the health of the
ecosystem/biosphere
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT CONCEPTS
CRADLE TO GRAVE DESIGN OF MATERIALS
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NEW INDUSTRY PARADIGM
CO2
Biomass/Bio-organics
> 106 years
1 - 10 yrs
Bio-chemical Industry
Polymers, Chemicals
& Fuels
Renewable Carbon Sources
CO2 , & Biomass
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Fossil Resources
Chemical Industry (petroleum, Natural gas)
New Biochemical Industry
Small, entrepreneurial
business
Green polymers
& Chemicals
DRIVERS FOR MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY SHIFTS
Traditional
Synthetics
Materials
Value
in Use
Wool
Cotton
Feathers
Silk
Aramids
Environmentally Friendly
Products/Processes
Lycra
Vinyl
Polyester
Nylon
?
Paradigm shift
SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY
Rayon
Fur
Time
•Natural
Ingredients
•Labor Intensive
•Attractive
Aesthetics
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•Cheap petroleum
•Recyclable
•Ease of
manufacture
•Biodegradable
•Low labor input
•Excellent
functionality
•Non-polluting
•Energy efficient
•Tailored Functionality
•Renewable resource based
MATERIALS DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
FROM “CONCEPTION TO REINCARNATION”
FEEDSTOCK
Issues to Consider:
• Impact on the Environment
PRODUCT
MANUFACTURE
• Reduced or No emissions /waste
(Air, water, solid wastes)
• Energy efficiency
• Annually renewable resources
ULTIMATE
DISPOSABILITY
Transform into Useful Product
Design, Use , Disposal, and Reuse of Materials Incorporating
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“LIFE CYCLE THINKING”
VISION 2020 -- PLANT-FOSSIL UTILIZATION BALANCE
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AVAILABILITY OF BIOMASS RESOURCES
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PLANT-CROP BASED U.S. RESOURCES
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Bioscience Will Impact Future Material Systems
ADVANCED
BIOSCIENCE
MATERIALS
SYSTEMS
ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE MATERIALS
PROCESS SYSTEMS
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PRODUCT SYSTEMS
BIOBASED PRODUCT DRIVERS -- U.S. GOVERNMENT
Presidential
Executive
Order
13101
(Greening
the
Government
Through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and
Federal Acquisition, dated September 14, 1998)
•
U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA) is proposing
guidelines for listing commercially available biobased
products for purchase by Federal agencies.
•
Biobased product is defined as a commercial or industrial
product (other than food or feed) that utilizes biological
products or renewable domestic agricultural (plant, animal,
and marine) or forestry materials.
•
USDA is listing only those products which are considered by
USDA to be within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Environmentally Preferable Products Guidelines.
• U.S. EPA has issued “Guiding Principles” for products to
be listed as “Environmentally Preferable”. Recycling, and
the use of recycled products is on the top of the list of
these principles.
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• Composting is Biological (Organic) Recycling
BIOBASED PRODUCT DRIVERS -- U.S.
GOVERNMENT (Contd.)
The requirement for Federal agencies to consider
biobased products which is environmentally
preferable (U.S. EPA) is also in Office of
Management and Budget (OMB)/Office of Federal
Procurement Policy (OFPP) Policy Letter 92-4 and
applies to all Federal agencies.
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MATRIX FOR BIOBASED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
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MATRIX FOR BIOBASED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION (ISO)
ISO/TC-207 ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SCOPE
14000 SERIES STANDARDS
“STANDARDIZATION IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT”
• Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
• Environmental Audit (EA)
• Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
• Environmental Labeling (EL)
• Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE)
Close working relationship with ISO/TC 176 (ISO 9000 series
Quality Assurance Standards) in the field of Environmental
Systems and Audits
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ISO/TC 207 STRUCTURE
Canada -- Secretariat
ORGANIZATION ORIENTED
WG TERMINOLOGY & DEFINITIONS
SC ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION -- USA
SC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS -- UK
SC ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING -- NETHERLANDS
PRODUCT ORIENTED
SC LCA -- FRANCE
WG Code of Practice (USA); WG Inventory Analysis
(Germany); WG Impact Analysis (Sweden); WG Improvement
Analysis (France)
SC ENVIRONMENTAL LABELING -- AUSTRALIA
SC ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF PRODUCT STANDARDS
GERMANY
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Toward a More Sustainable
Campus at Michigan State
University
University Committee
for a Sustainable
Campus
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University Committee for a
Sustainable Campus
In September 1998, the
Executive Committee of
Academic Council
Approved an Initiative to
Further the Efforts of
Michigan State
University Towards
Becoming a More
Sustainable Campus.
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Developing an Infrastructure
• The proposal for a university wide committee aimed to create a
committee with wide representation from throughout the campus and
across all lines of employment and study.
• The proposal allowed for participation of operations staff from various
units across campus, a faculty member from each college and two
graduate and two undergraduate students.
• Through nominations and appointments a committee was formed and
met initially at the end of January 1999.
• The committee elected a chair, discussed committee processes and
worked in tandem with the seminar series steering committee to ensure
the series success.
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Mission Statement
In keeping with MSU’s role as a land grant university, the mission of
the University Committee for a Sustainable Campus is to foster a
collaborative learning culture that will:
• Lead the Michigan State University community to a heightened
awareness of its environmental impact
• Conserve natural resources for future generations
• Establish MSU as a working model for creating a sustainable
community
We envision a sustainable community as one that provides for the social and economic
needs of all its members for many generations to come, without compromising the
health of the biosphere
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Goals
• Education - to heighten the environmental awareness of the
Campus
• Research - to increase research on our campus environmental
impact and support environmentally focused research by the
campus community.
• Support - to build support throughout the campus to meet the
mission of the university committee for a sustainable campus.
• Outreach - to transfer knowledge of sustainability gained from
MSU experiences beyond the campus.
• Assessment - to coordinate an environmental assessment of the
MSU campus.
• Policy - to recommend adoption of policies which support the
practice of environmental stewardship.
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Web Development
www.ecofoot.msu.edu
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ENVIRONMENTALLY (& ECONOMICALLY) SOUND
PRODUCT MANUFACTURING BASED ON LIFE CYCLE
ASSESSMENT (LCA)
“Impact on the environment throughout the life cycle of a
product from raw material acquisition to ultimate disposal”
“CRADLE TO GRAVE”
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ELEMENTS OF AN LCA
• Goal definition & Scope (Scoping)
• Inventory Analysis
– Systems & Systems boundaries
– Data quality
• Impact assessment
– Classification
• resource depletion; abiotic & biotic
• pollution; global warming, ozone depletion, human toxicity,
ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidant, acidification, eutrophication
• degradation of ecosystems and landscapes
– Characterization
– Valuation
• Improvement Assessment
• Validation
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AVALIAÇÃO DO CICLO DE VIDA
DE PRODUTOS
INCINERAÇÃO
ENERGIA
PRODUÇÃO
DISTRIBUIÇÃO
UTILIZAÇÃO
MATERIAL A
MATERIAL B
ATERRO
RE-UTILIZAÇÃO
OUTROS
RECICLAGEM
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ACV - Ciclo de vida
Fronteira do sistema
Extracção de
matérias primas
Transporte
Produção
Outros
sistemas
Utilização
Produtos
Fornecimento
de energia
Outros
sistemas
Reciclagem /
Reutilização
Fluxos elementares
Fluxos elementares
Processamento
de resíduos
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Produtos
Responsabilização - Quantificação
… A necessidade de uma técnica de
quantificação do impacte
ambiental de um produto ou
Serviço.
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ACV - Avaliação do Ciclo de
Vida dos Produtos ou
Serviços
ACV - Contexto
Os princípios associados à ACV
encontram-se em fase de normalização,
nas
normas
ISO 14040 e seguintes. A ISO 14040 define
ACV como:
Compilação dos fluxos de entradas e
saídas e avaliação dos impactes
ambientais associados a um produto
ao longo do seu ciclo de vida.
Produto/serviço - Função,
Unidade funcional
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COMPONENTES DE UMA ACV
Â
M
B
I
T
O
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DEFINIÇÃO DE
OBJECTIVOS
ANÁLISE DE
INVENTÁRIO
AVALIAÇÃO DE
IMPACTOS
I
N
O
V
A
Ç
Ã
O
Cradle to Grave Concept for Material Design
(Integration of Material Design with Waste Managment Infrastructure).
SANITARY
LANDFILL
BIODEGRADABLE
COMPOSTING
FACILITY
MATERIAL
REDESIGN
RECYCLABLE
INCINERABLE
RECYCLING
FACILITY
?
LAND APPLICATION
WASTE TO ENERGY
FACILITY
recycling polymeric carbon back
to soil
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ENERGY
TOXIC RESIDUALS (ASH)
RECYCLED
PRODUCTS
CORN
CO2
SOIL
AGRICULTURAL
FEEDSTOCKS
HUMUS
PROCESSING
COMPOST
FACILITY
POLYMER
RESIN
RESTAURANT
WASTE
BURGER
KING
PACKAGE
CONVERTER
FAST-FOOD
RESTAURANT
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FAST-FOOD
PACKAGING
COMPOSTING IN WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY
THE THREE R’s (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
Grass mulching and landscaping
Counts towards source reduction
On-Site & Home Composting
Counts towards source reduciton
Source-separated organics
(biodegradables) composting
Counts towards recycling and
diversion from landfill
Mixed -waste composting
Counts towards recycling -- lower
value application
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
• Crop yields on severely eroded soil are lower than those on
protected soils because erosion reduces soil fertility and
water availability
• Corn yields on some severely eroded soils have been
reduced by 12 to 21% in Kentucky, 0 to 24% in Illinois and
Indiana, 25 to 65% in the southern Piedmont (Georgia), and
21% in Michigan.
• During a single growing season, a hectare of corn (yield,
7000 kg/ha) transpires about 4,000,000 liters of water, and an
additional 2,000,000 liters ha concurrently evaporate from
the soil
• In the United States an estimated 4 billion tons of soil and
130 billion tons of water are lost from the 160 million ha of
cropland each year. This translates into an on-site economic
loss of more than $27 billion each year, of which $20 billion
is for replacement of nutrients and $7 billion for lost water
and soil depth.
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COMPOSTING & THE ENVIRONMENT

COMPOSTING IS AN ECOLOGICALLY AND
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND APPROACH TO TRANSFERRING
BIODEGRADABLE WASTE (INCLUDES THE BIODEGRADABLE
PLASTICS) TO USEFUL PRODUCT
 COMPOSTING IS BIOLOGICAL RECYCLING OF CARBON

COMPOST USE REDUCES CHEMICAL INPUTS, SUPRESSES
CROP DISEASES, REPLENISHES ORGANIC CARBON,
INCREASES WATER & NUTRIENT RETENTION, IMPROVES
SOIL PRODUCTIVITY
“SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE”
SCIENCE & ENGINEERING OF COMPOSTING,
HOITNIK & KEENER, EDS. 1993
Narayan -- Biodegradation of polymeric
materials during composting, p. 339
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Cmaterial + O2
CCO2 + Cbiomass/compost + H2O + Heat
Cbiomass (compost) = Ccellmass + Chumic material
(stabilized, slow-release form
of carbon and nitrogen)
l no persistent/recalcitrant, synthetic, or toxic residue
l Improved soil productivity
l Supports micro and macro flora & fauna activity
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FIGURE 2-2. The Composting Equation.
COMPOSTING PROCESS
Oxygen
Microorganisms
Nutrients
N,P,K,...
ORGANIC/COMPOSTABLE MATERIAL
(carbon source)
Chemical
degradation
Breakdown
Products
Biodegradation
CELL MASS
death
Polymerization
HUMUS/
COMPOST
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Moisture
HEAT
CO2 + H O
2
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RECYCLING ORGANIC WASTES TO
PRODUCE QUALITY COMPOST
•
•
•
•
Yard Wastes
Food
Paper
Biodegradables
Quality Compost Product from a
Semi-Segregated Waste Stream:
• Reduces chemical input
requirements
COMPOSTING
INFRASTRUCTURE
• Increases soil water and
nutrient retention
• Suppresses plant disease
• Augments organic matter
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Pilot Scale Composting of paper-yard waste
30
90
80
25
70
DH%
C/N
60
20
50
15
40
0
10
20
Time (days)
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30
40
Pilot Scale composting of Kraft paper in yard debris mixture
80
Mixing
60
%C to CO2
40
CPR (gC/day∙kgDW)
20
0
0
20
Time (days)
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40
60
COMPOSTING IN THE U.S.A.
• Looking for new
feedstocks
– Food scraps
– Manure
• Becoming a Business
– Not a waste option
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12,000
3,500
10,000
3,000
8,000
2,500
2,000
6,000
1,500
4,000
1,000
2,000
500
0
1988
0
1999
Tons (000's)
– Source separation
growing
4,000
# of Yard Sites
• Number of facilities
climbing
• More emphasis on
quality
STEPS IN COMPOST PROCESSING
Feedstocks
PreProcessing
rejects
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High-rate
Composting
Curing
(weeks)
(months)
PostProcessing
rejects
Product
COMPOSTABLES IN MSW (by volume)
Misc.
Glass
10%
Textiles/Leat2%
her
4%
Corrugated
10%
Newsprint
10%
Other Metal
Aluminum
Office
Paper
2%
2%
3%
Tin/Ferrous
Mixed
Paper
8%
PET
13%
0.5%
HDPE
Food
3%
Other
Plastics
10%
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3%
Wood Yard Waste
4%
10%
Source: The Wall Street Journal, April 17, 1991.
Design for complete compostability
30% Dine in
3% Plastics
34%
8%
Misc.
4% Napkins
Corrugated
Boxes
70% Drive-thru takeout
7% Polycoated
Wraps
4% Plastics or
Polycoated Cups
Wraps
6% External Waste
Customer Orders in a Typical BK
Restaurant
34% Food Waste
Fully compostable
Major Sources of Solid Waste in a
Typical Fast-food Restaurant
Composition of Typical Fast-food Restaurant Waste.
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100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
% C conversion to CO2
biodegradation curve
biodegradation degree 65%
lag-phase
0
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4
8
degradation phase
12
16
20
24
28
plateau phase
32
36
40
44 time (d)
New Logo
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DIN V 54900 (GERMAN) STANDARDS FOR
COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS
DIN CERTCO (affiliate of DIN – the
German Standards Organization)
has set up a certification program
based on DIN V54900 standard. . A
product meeting the Standard would
be certified and allowed to
incorporate the compostability logo
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LOGO
US PAT 2,256,258
CERTIFICATION PROGRAM & LOGO BASED ON CEN
(EUROPEAN) STANDARD
CEN TC 261/SC4/WG2 -- Requirements for packaging
recoverable through composting and biodegradation.
Test scheme and evaluation criteria for final
acceptance of packaging
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W
a
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D
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s
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(
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)
Co m p .
L a n d fi l l
In c i n .
Re c y c .
Re c y c .
0
0
D
M
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Pa p e r
Pl a s t i c s
0 .5
1
1
D
M
1 .5
2
2
D
M
2 .5
3
3
D
M
3 .5
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Rhenlad-Pfalz
NorthRine-Westfa
Schleswig-Holsten
Baden-Wurtembrg
LowerSaxony
Sarlnd
Berlin
Bremn
Hamburg
Bavria
Hesia
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
:
P
e
r
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a
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c
t
i
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n
(
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9
9
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)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
M
u
n
i
c
i
p
a
l
W
a
s
t
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
90
80
70
60
Lan
In c i
Co m
50
Fraction(wt%)
40
30
20
10
0
1980
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1990
IBAW
Germany: Basic Data - Waste quantities
•
•
•
• 10 mtons biowaste annualy
• expected to be Europe´s biggest
market for biodegradable
materials
Increase of Waste (City of
81 million citizens (EU 370, US
234)
226 citizens / km2 (EU 115, US 25)
27 mtons municipal solid waste
annualy
Ingredients of Municipal Waste
Stuttgart)
others
glass
7%
19 % : Diapers,
composites, metalls...
polymers
7%
paperboard
6%
paper
21%
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organic waste
41%
specific amount of waste
2500
liters / (citizen*year)
2000
1500
1000
kg / (citizen*year)
500
0
1850
1900
Interessengemeinschaft Biologisch Abbaubare Werkstoffe e.V.,
Rosenheim
1950
2000
Waste Legislation in Germany
IBAW
Closed Substance Cycle and Waste Management Act
(Kreislaufswirtschafts- und Abfallwirtschaftsgesetz as "Overhead")
Objective: Closing Substance Cycles (Product Recycling / Recovery- not Landf
Producer is responsible for Product waste management (Recovery)
Framework
Ordinances regulate different product classes
Ordinance on the Avoidance and Recovery of Packaging
Waste
("Packaging
Ordinance",
of 21 August 1998)
Objective: as
described inVerpackungsverordnung
title
Obligation to accept returned Packaging or make use of a Dual System
(household collection), charge Deposits and recover Packaging
(Sales/Transport Packaging).
Requirements for Systems (Recovery of Sales Packaging): working nationwide,
comfortable access for households, fullfill recovery quotas
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Interessengemeinschaft Biologisch Abbaubare Werkstoffe e.V.,
Rosenheim
Recycling-Quota (%) of collected
Packaging
IBAW
regulated by German Packaging Ordinance
Percentage of Recycling of
collected Packaging-Waste
Packaging-Plastics:
PLastic
s
• 1,3 mT Consumption
• approx. 0,9 mT collected
• approx. 0,6 mT recycelt
(40/60 feedstock/mechanical)
• DSD-Charge:
approx. 1.500 Euro / ton
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Interessengemeinschaft Biologisch Abbaubare Werkstoffe e.V.,
Rosenheim
German Packaging Ordinance (8/98)
IBAW
Ordinance on the Avoidance and Recovery of Packaging
Waste
("Packaging Ordinance", Verpackungsverordnung - VerpackV* of 21 August
§16 (2)
1998)
If a system is going to be established exclusively for plastic packagings, which are composed of
biodegradable material mainly based on renewable resources (---> restriction! ) and whose
components are all compostable, the authority involved may accept this system according to §6
Sect. 3, phrase 11 by June 30, 2002, irrespective of the usual demand for nationwide collection,
provided that the system provider took adequate measures for supplying as many packagings as
possible fed to the system to composting.
Attachment I to §6, Sect. 2
... As far as plastic packagings made mainly of biodegradable materials based on renewable
resources and whose components are all compostable, are collected in a separate system, at least
60 per cent must be supplied to composting beginning with July, 2002.
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Interessengemeinschaft Biologisch Abbaubare Werkstoffe e.V.,
Rosenheim
Percentage of Cities and Districts with Biowaste Collection
(1996)
IBAW
80
70
Average
Percentage
60
50
Today:
40
55-60 % of
households
have access
to biowaste
collection
("biobin")
30
20
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Rheinland-Pfalz
Hamburg
Bremen
Berlin
Saarland
SchleswigHolstein
North RhineWestfalia
Bavaria
Lower Saxony
BadenWürttemberg
0
Hessia
10
Interessengemeinschaft Biologisch Abbaubare Werkstoffe e.V.,
Rosenheim
Composting
Capacity:
8 Mio. Tons
Scheme: Dual System for compostable Packaging
IBAW
Contrac Agreements
BDPManufacturing/
Processing
Compost (-ing
plant)
Biobi
Community
n
Dual
System
(=Municipal
Waste
Management)
Filler
Bottler
Retail
Material
Flow
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Trade
Consumer
Financial Flow
Interessengemeinschaft Biologisch Abbaubare Werkstoffe e.V.,
Rosenheim
Current Vehicle Recycling Infrastructure and ASR Disposal
MATERIAL
PRODUCTION
VEHICLE
MANUFACTURE
MATERIAL RECYCLING
VEHICLE
USE
VEHICLE
DISPOSAL
PARTS FOR
REUSE
DISMANTLE
CATALYTIC CONVERTERS,
CAR BATTERIES, ETC.
SHRED
FERROUS AND
NON-FERROUS METALS
ASR-AUTO
SHREDDER
RESIDUE
PLASTICS, GLASS,
RUBBER, DIRT,
FINES, ETC.
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LANDFILL
Improved Vehicle Recycling Vision with Elimination of Landfill
MATERIAL
PRODUCTION
VEHICLE
MANUFACTURE
INCREASED
POST-MANUFACTURING
RECYCLING
VEHICLE
USE
VEHICLE
DISPOSAL
MORE PARTS FOR
REUSE & LKQ PARTS
DISMANTLE
VEHICLES
MORE RECYCLED MATERIALS:
SEAT FOAM, GLASS, PLASTICS, ETC.
FERROUS AND
NON-FERROUS METALS
RECLAIMED
MATERIALS
AND ENERGY
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SHRED
ASR
PROCESS
SOLVENT EXTRACTION,
CATALYTIC CONVERSION,
PYROLYSIS, ETC.