Transcript Hiking Merit - Royal Rangers South Central East

Hiking Merit
Hiking Safety Rules
Lesson 1
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Hiking Merit
Hiking Safety Rules
Safety Rules: Hiking on the Open Road
a) Walk toward traffic single file.
b) Yield to bikers coming toward you.
c) Walk as far to the left side of the
road as possible.
Question 1
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Hiking Safety Rules
Safety Rules: Hiking on the Open Road
d) If the road is narrow, step off the
roadway when vehicle approaches.
e) If hiking at night, wear reflective
material on your clothing.
Question 1
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Hiking Safety Rules
Safety Rules: Hiking in the Wilderness
with No Established Trail
a) Walk around or over obstructions
rather than on them.
b) Travel the route of least resistance
to conserve energy.
Question 1
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Hiking Safety Rules
Safety Rules: Hiking in the Wilderness
with No Established Trail
c) Travel in a zigzag pattern when
walking uphill to conserve energy.
d) Spread out as a group so you do as
little damage to the vegetation as
possible.
Question 1
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Hiking Safety Rules
Safety Rules: Hiking in the Wilderness
with No Established Trail
e) Don't follow one behind the other as
you would on an established trail.
f) Travel on ridges whenever possible.
Question 1
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Hiking Safety Rules
What differences
might there be in
hiking on the open road
and
hiking in the wilderness
where there is no established trail?
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Hiking Safety Rules
Open Road
Wilderness
 Walk toward
traffic single file.
 Spread out as a
group so you do
as little damage
to the vegetation
as possible.
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Hiking Merit
Hiking Safety Rules
Safety Rules: Night Hiking
a) Wear light-colored clothing:
white, orange, and yellow
b) Carry a flashlight or glow stick
c) Put reflective tape on shoes/clothing
d) Bring a whistle
Question 2
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Hiking Merit
Hiking Safety Rules
Safety Rules: Night Hiking
 Be READY for Rain.
Carry a light hat, like a "bucket" hat
(narrow brim that flops down
all the way around the hat).
It will keep the rain of
your head.
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Hiking Safety Rules
Safety Rules: Night Hiking
 Be READY to feel Cool during breaks.
Bring a sweatshirt or hoody and a pair
of gloves. Put them on when you stop
for a rest, and take them off when you
start up again. If you wear them all the
time, you will not get the same benefit.11
Hiking Merit
Hiking Safety Rules
Safety Rules: Night Hiking
 Be READY to feel Hunger.
Bring a Trail Snack. Eating trail
food will help break the monotony
of a hike and give you energy.
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Hiking Merit
Hiking Safety Rules
Safety Rules: Night Hiking
 Be READY to be Thirsty.
Bring a canteen. You may not feel
very thirsty, but you should drink
something now and then. Drink
cool water on a warm night and
something warm on a cool night.
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Hiking Merit
Hiking Safety Rules
Safety Rules: Night Hiking
 Be READY to Go Somewhere.
Plan your route before the hike. If
you plan to hike all night, you may
want to find some interesting place
to be by dawn, maybe a place
where you can see the sunrise.
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Hiking Merit
Hiking Safety Rules
Safety Rules: Night Hiking
 Be READY for Breakfast.
If you hike until morning, either
pack food or arrange a place where
you can eat breakfast.
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Hiking Merit
Hiking Safety Rules
Safety Rules: Night Hiking
 Be READY to feel Dirty.
Take soap, a small towel, a toothbrush and
toothpaste; helps make you feel clean after
hiking through the night. You may not be
very dirty, but a good cleaning before you eat
breakfast will make you feel better.
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Hiking Merit
Hiking Safety Rules
Safety Rules: Night Hiking
 Be READY to meet Difficulties.
The countryside looks much different at
night than it does in the daytime. Take
a flashlight with fresh batteries so you
can see the map, compass, and
signposts along the way.
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Hiking Merit
Hiking Safety Rules
Safety Rules: Night Hiking
 Carry a whistle so that if you get lost or
separated from the rest of your group
you can blow it.
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Hiking Safety Rules
Hiking Courtesy toward others on Trail
a) Yield to faster hikers who are behind you,
hikers, backpackers and larger groups
coming toward you.
b) Step aside and let others pass you
without them having to break their pace.
Question 3
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Hiking Safety Rules
End of Lesson 1
Handout Worksheet:
Hiking MWS 1
"Safety and Courtesy Rules"
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Hiking Safety Rules
Lesson 2
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“Leave No Trace" Hiking
When we are Hiking we should:
 take nothing but pictures
 leave nothing but footprints
 kill nothing but time
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
1. Be Prepared and Plan Ahead:
a) Know the regulations and concerns for
the area you'll be hiking, backpacking, or
camping in. Restrictions are based on any
past abuse and the special conditions of
an area.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
1. Be Prepared and Plan Ahead:
b) Camp and travel in small groups. They
are quieter and do less damage.
c) Avoid the popular areas during heavy use
times.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
1. Be Prepared and Plan Ahead:
d) Learn how to properly store your food to
protect it from bears and other animals.
e) Make sure you have a way to properly
dispose of your trash (use your Ziploc
bags and bring an extra garbage bag).
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
1. Be Prepared and Plan Ahead:
f) Repackage your food into re-usable
containers like Ziploc bags. Avoid tin or
aluminum cans and glass. Reduce the
amount of trash you bring into the woods
by eliminating all unnecessary packaging
like
cardboard
boxes,
etc.
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Question 4
Hiking Merit
“Leave No Trace” Hiking
1. Be Prepared and Plan Ahead:
g) Get back to the basics. Rough it! Select
your gear and plan your trip by thinking
about how it will impact the environment
and also how it may affect others as well.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
1. Be Prepared and Plan Ahead:
h) Choose hiking, backpacking, and
camping gear and clothing that are
natural earth tone colors like green,
brown, tan, or black.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
2. Camp and Travel on Durable Surfaces:
a) Stay on designated trails while hiking or
backpacking. Walk single file in the
center of the path. This will help keep
erosion to a minimum.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
2. Camp and Travel on Durable Surfaces:
b) Use existing trails. Don't shortcut switchbacks.
Staying on the trail is good trail
"Short-cutting" a
manners & prevents erosion! switchback causes erosion!
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
2. Camp and Travel on Durable Surfaces:
c) If traveling cross-country hike on durable
surfaces (rock, sand, gravel, snow, pine
needles, or dry grasses) to prevent
vegetation damage and erosion. Have
your group spread out while hiking offtrail
so
that
new
trails
aren't
created.
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Question 4
Hiking Merit
“Leave No Trace” Hiking
2. Camp and Travel on Durable Surfaces:
d) Stay on the trail if it is muddy or wet. Hike
through it. If you walk around the mud, the
trail will widen and become even muddier in
the future. Mud is part of the backcountry
challenge. Wear waterproof boots and gaiters
to protect your feet from mud and water. Stay
on the trail!
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
2. Camp and Travel on Durable Surfaces:
e) To minimize trail damage, wear as light a boot
as possible for the conditions. Heavy boots with
deep treads compact the soil more and tend to
tear up the trail. Wear camp shoes (sandals,
sneakers, moccasins, etc.) to minimize impact
while in camp.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
2. Camp and Travel on Durable Surfaces:
f)
Question 4
Be sure to camp on durable surfaces. Avoid
fragile areas that will impact easily and take a
long time to heal after you leave. Try to
concentrate use into campsites that are already
established. Give places just beginning to show
impact a chance to heal themselves.
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
2. Camp and Travel on Durable Surfaces:
g) Remember: Good campsites are found,
not made.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
3. Dispose of Waste Properly
(Pack it In, Pack it Out):
a) If it wasn't there when you came, then
don't leave it there when you leave! You
are responsible for anything you bring
into the backcountry. Carry out all your
trash.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
3. Dispose of Waste Properly
(Pack it In, Pack it Out):
b) Make your site or travel route look like
nobody was ever there. Leave no signs of
human influence. Remove all evidence of
your stay. Inspect your campsite for trash
or misplaced gear before you leave.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
3. Dispose of Waste Properly
(Pack it In, Pack it Out):
c) Do not bury your trash. Animals will dig it
up or it will become exposed later on for
someone else to find. Pack it out.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
3. Dispose of Waste Properly
(Pack it In, Pack it Out):
d) Contrary to popular belief tin foil and
plastic bottles do not completely burn.
Pack them out!
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
3. Dispose of Waste Properly
(Pack it In, Pack it Out):
e) If a bear beats your bear bag system and
steals your food bag during the night, try and
find the remains and properly dispose of them
before you leave. The bear will be done eating
in the morning and most likely had his feast a
little ways from your campsite.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
3. Dispose of Waste Properly
(Pack it In, Pack it Out):
f)
Question 4
Practice "Negative Trace". Pick up trash that
others may have missed or dropped by
accident. Pick up trash you find along the trail.
Put trash you find in your back pocket or a side
pocket of your pack. Educate any inconsiderate
slobs you encounter about “Leave No Trace”.
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Hiking Merit
“Leave No Trace” Hiking
4. Properly Dispose of what you
Can’t Pack Out:
a) When washing yourself or dishes use as little
biodegradable soap as possible. Filter all food
particles from the dishwater through an old sock
and throw it away once you return home. When
you dispose of dirty water; spread it over a wide
area and keep it at least 200 feet from any water
source. Avoid foods that produce grease.
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Question 4
Hiking Merit
“Leave No Trace” Hiking
4. Properly Dispose of what you
Can’t Pack Out:
b) Urinate well off the trail and/or out of
camp. Urine should be widely distributed.
The salt from concentrated urine will
attract porcupines and skunks.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
4. Properly Dispose of what you
Can’t Pack Out:
c) To bury feces, use a stick to dig a "cat hole" about
six to eight inches deep and about six inches
around. Use the stick to mix the feces, unscented
toilet paper; and dirt. Mix it for a minute or two
then put more dirt on top. Smooth out the dirt.
Dig “cat holes” at least 200 feet from any water
source, campsite, or trail.
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Question 4
Hiking Merit
“Leave No Trace” Hiking
5. Minimize Use and Impact from Fires:
a) Don't build fires! Instead of building a
campfire for your cooking, use a small
backpacking stove. They will have you
eating much quicker than a campfire and
they don't leave unsightly charcoal scars
or blackened rocks.
Question 4
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Hiking Merit
“Leave No Trace” Hiking
5. Minimize Use and Impact from Fires:
b) If you must build a fire make it as small
as possible and use established fire rings.
If there is no fire ring, build a mound fire
to protect the area from the eyesore of
old coals and blackened rocks.
Question 4
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Hiking Merit
“Leave No Trace” Hiking
5. Minimize Use and Impact from Fires:
c) Keep your fire small. Use small (wrist size or
smaller) dead wood that was already on the
ground. Break wood into smaller pieces as
needed. Using small wood will ensure that it
burns more completely. A nice fine ash that will
blow away when the wind blows is ideal.
Question 4
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Hiking Merit
“Leave No Trace” Hiking
5. Minimize Use and Impact from Fires:
d) Don't break or saw off branches from dead
trees, live trees, or fallen trees. Use only wood
that's on the ground. Don't burn green wood.
Don't peel the bark off trees for use as fuel. It
takes many years to heal and remains an
eyesore in the meantime.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
5. Minimize Use and Impact from Fires:
e) Leave your saw and axe at home.
f) Some areas don't allow fires or only allow
fires in designated areas. Know the
regulations for the area you will be
visiting.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
5. Minimize Use and Impact from Fires:
g) During dry periods it can be dangerous or
against regulations to build a fire. Always
make sure your fire is completely out
before leaving an area and never leave a
fire unattended.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
A Mound Fire

Construction of a mound fire can be
accomplished by using simple tools like a
garden trowel, large stuff sack and a ground
cloth or plastic garbage bag. The advantage of
the mound fire is that it can be built on flat
exposed rock or on an organic surface such as
leaves
or
grass.
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Question 4
Hiking Merit
“Leave No Trace” Hiking
Constructing a Mound Fire
1) Collect some mineral soil, sand, or gravel
from an already disturbed source. The
root hole of a toppled tree or a dry
streambed is a good source.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
Constructing a Mound Fire
2) Lay a ground cloth on the fire site. The
ground cloth or garbage bag is important
only in that it makes cleaning up the fire
much easier.
Question 4
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Hiking Merit
“Leave No Trace” Hiking
Constructing a Mound Fire
3) Spread the soil into a circular, flat-topped
mound at least 3 to 5 inches thick. The
thickness of the mound is critical to insulate the
ground below from the heat of the fire. The
circumference of the mound should be larger
than the size of the fire to allow for the
spreading
of
coals.
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Question 4
Hiking Merit
“Leave No Trace” Hiking
Constructing a Mound Fire
4) Use small pieces of dead and downed
wood, no larger than the circumference
of your wrist.
5) Burn the wood down to a fine, white ash.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
Constructing a Mound Fire
6) When breaking camp, make sure the fire
is thoroughly out - you should be able to
run your hand through the ashes. Scatter
the leftover ashes over a broad area
away from camp.
Question 4
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“Leave No Trace” Hiking
Constructing a Mound Fire
7) Replace the soil where you found it.
Question 4
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Hiking Safety Rules
End of Lesson 2
Handout Worksheet:
Hiking MWS 2
“Leave No Trace Hiking"
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Hiking Equipment
Lesson 3
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Hiking Equipment
Name Two Types of BackPacks:
External Frame
Internal Frame
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Hiking Equipment
Advantages: External Frame BackPack
a) Has many pockets.
Allows for easy gear
distribution and organization.
b) Easy to strap stuff onto the frame.
Question 5
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Hiking Equipment
Advantages: External Frame BackPack
c) Soft-Pack body is mounted to the
rigid frame.
The rigid frame is made of easily
adjustable aluminum or molded
plastic.
Question 5
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Hiking Equipment
Advantages: External Frame BackPack
d) More space between frame and
person's back for better ventilation
e) Inexpensive;
f) Can stand against a tree.
Question 5
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Hiking Equipment
Disadvantages: External Frame BackPack
a) A fully loaded pack is wider, taller,
& less-stable than an Internal
Frame pack.
b) Structure of the frame is seen.
Question 5
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Hiking Equipment
Disadvantages: External Frame BackPack
c) Very high center of gravity
Don't even try to walk under tree
limbs or you could end up flat on
your back. No Horseplay either.
d) Not good for Difficult Terrain.
Question 5
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Hiking Equipment
Advantages: Internal Frame BackPack
a) Frame Structure is Hidden
b) Frame is made of aluminum or
plastic and can be molded to fit the
contours of your back.
Question 5
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Hiking Equipment
Advantages: Internal Frame BackPack
c) Snug fit allows for better balance
and maneuverability on rough
terrain.
d) Narrow profile allows flexibility to
go into tight places.
Question 5
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Hiking Equipment
Disadvantages: Internal Frame BackPack
a) Tends to be warmer against the back
Ventilation not as good as
external frame.
b) Usually not as many pockets for
organizing gear.
Question 5
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Hiking Equipment
Personal Statement:
 I, personally, feel that Internals
provide me more value for the dollar,
in that they are better suited for
traveling off-trail. They’re also snug &
form-fit making my hiking experience
much more enjoyable.
Question 5
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Hiking Equipment
Your clothing may change for different
environments:
 Warm Weather
 Cold Weather
 Wet Weather
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Hiking Equipment
Clothing for Warm Weather






Question 6
Shorts or lightweight pants
Cotton T-shirt
Cap or hat
Light jacket
Socks
Rain Gear (Poncho)
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Hiking Equipment
Clothing for Warm Weather

Question 6
Boots: Lightweight or
middleweight, depending on the
terrain
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Hiking Equipment
Layer Clothing for Cold Weather
Layer Next to Skin

Insulated long underwear
(synthetic material)

Thermal shirt (synthetic material)

Socks
Question 6
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Hiking Equipment
Layer Clothing for Cold Weather
Second Layer

Shirt or sweater of goose down,
wool, heavy polypropylenes, fleece

Pants: cotton, wool, or synthetic
material
Question 6
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Hiking Equipment
Layer Clothing for Cold Weather
Shell/Outer Layer

Jacket (windbreaker)

Pants to break the wind

Hat: wool or polypropylene
Question 6
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Hiking Equipment
Layer Clothing for Cold Weather
Boots

Boots: lightweight or middleweight,
depending on the terrain
Question 6
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Hiking Equipment
Clothing for Wet Weather
Wa-ter-proof

Jacket, pants, hat, and gloves
made of waterproof material

Dry Socks
Question 6
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Hiking Equipment
Clothing for Wet Weather
Boots

Wa-ter-proof Boots
Question 6
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Hiking Equipment
End of Lesson 3
Handout Worksheet:
Hiking MLR 3
“Hiking Equipment List"
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Hiking
Lesson 4
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Hiking Equipment
Proper Foot Care to Prevent Blisters


Buy boots that fit properly
Wear polypropylene hiking socks
You may also where nylon "wicking" socks
under wool or wool-and-nylon blend outer
socks.

Question 7
Avoid cotton socks, which will cause
blisters.
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Hiking Equipment
Proper Foot Care to Prevent Blisters

At the slightest hint of something
rubbing in your boot, stop immediately.



Question 7
Find out what is causing the problem and
take care of it
If it's a small pebble, remove it
If the boot is too tight, stretch it out
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Deciding Hiking Boots
What Type of Boots do I need?
Types of boots range from trail shoes to trail hikers to
mountaineering boots. Each one has different qualities that
you need to evaluate.

Comfort. Your boots must be comfortable.

Foot and ankle support.

Weight.

Durability.

Sole qualities and tread.

Waterproof.
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Hiking Boots
Buying “Heavy” Hiking Boots
For Long Hikes in the Wilderness it
might be a good idea to have a
“Heavy” hiking boot.
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Hiking Boots
Buying “Heavy” Hiking Boots
Good boots are "solid" on the bottom.

You shouldn't be able to feel rocks or
stones through the soles. If you can,
there's a good likelihood that after
many miles on the trail, your feet are
going to start hurting.
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Hiking Merit
Hiking Boots
Buying “Heavy” Hiking Boots
Good boots are "solid" on the bottom.

If you can press in the bottom of the
sole with your thumb, the soles are
probably too soft to give your foot
proper protection.
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Hiking Merit
Hiking Boots
Buying “Heavy” Hiking Boots
Good boots are "solid" on the bottom.

If you can "twist" the soles of the boot,
it's also probably too soft. Trails are not
like the pavement in front of your
home. Trails are rocky, and you need
good protection to avoid bruising the
bottom of you feet.
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Hiking Merit
Hiking Boots
Buying “Heavy” Hiking Boots
Good boots provide good protection
on the sides.

Good Boots are heavy because they have
extra padding to protect your foot from
stones, rocks, and branches that could gouge
into the side of the boot. Some fabric boots
have protective "welts" 1/2-inch or more up
from the soles to give added protection.
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Hiking Boots
Buying “Heavy” Hiking Boots
Good boots provide good ankle
support.

Grab the top of the boot and try to bend it
over side-ways. If it bends easily, it's
probably not going to provide the level of
protection needed on the trail. The top of the
boot should be stiff to hold the ankle in place
and provide it with good support.
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Hiking Boots
Buying “Heavy” Hiking Boots
Good boots are either waterproof, or are
capable of being waterproofed with
special waterproofing solutions.

Avoid fabric boots that are not waterproof.
While it's possible to treat non-waterproof
fabric boots with liquid silicone, it generally
doesn't waterproof the boot enough to be
useful.
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Hiking Merit
Hiking Boots
Buying “Heavy” Hiking Boots

Wet feet cause blisters. Stick with
waterproof fabric boots, or leather
boots that can be treated with Snoseal, beeswax solution, or other more
durable waterproofing solutions.
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Hiking Merit
Hiking Boots
Buying “Heavy” Hiking Boots
Good boots are heavy enough for
their intended use.

A "lighter" boot used for hiking may not
have the necessary rigidly to provide
your feet with good support under the
heavier load of a backpack.
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Hiking Merit
Hiking Boots
“Medium-Weight” Boots
Calf-High Work/Hunting boots are a
better option than athletic shoes



Aren't as comfortable as hiking boots
Go too high on the ankle, putting unnecessary
stress on the Achilles tendon.
Don't provide the kind of fit desirable for
hiking.
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Hiking Boots
“Light-Weight” Athletic Shoes
Some Athletic Shoes are designed
better than others


Can’t be waterproofed
You can severely sprain or in some
cases, break your ankle in athletic
shoes
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Hiking
Preventing Getting Lost in the Wilderness
Getting lost in the outdoors is a
possibility. Proper planning and
action can keep you safe. Here are
a few tips that may help you in this
situation.
Question 7
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Hiking
Preventing Getting Lost in the Wilderness

Planning and preparation.
 Learn how to use a compass and a map.
 Thoroughly review a map and other
guidebooks of the area. Learn about the
trails, streams, mountains, nearby roads and
other features around the area.
 Tell someone of your plans and the time
that you expect to return.
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Hiking
Preventing Getting Lost in the Wilderness
Sign in on trailhead registers and stick to
your planned route.
 Pack the proper equipment and supplies.
Carry essential items in your pockets for use
in an emergency.

When hiking always use a map and compass.
Stop occasionally to note your progress on the
map and always pay attention to landmarks as
you hike. Be aware of your surroundings.

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Hiking
What to do when you get Lost

STOP! (Stop, Think, Observe, Plan)




Question 7
S tay where you are.
T hink about where you have been.
O bserve the things around you.
P lan your next steps.
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Hiking
What to do when you get Lost

STOP! (Stop, Think, Observe, Plan)




Question 7
S tay where you are.
T hink about where you have been.
O bserve the things around you.
P lan your next steps.
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Hiking
What to do when you get Lost


Question 7
Try to return to a familiar location if
within a reasonable distance. Do not go
too far off your original route.
If still lost, stay put. Rescuer will most
likely find you within 24 hours.
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Hiking
What to do when you get Lost



Blow your whistle to signal that you are
in trouble and you need help.
Seek shelter for protection and comfort.
Stay warm and dry.
Put on extra clothing to avoid hypothermia.
Question 7
101
Hiking Merit
Hiking
What to do when you get Lost

Build a fire to keep warm
and to help rescuers find you.

Drink plenty of water.
Do not let yourself get dehydrated. Purify the
water from natural resources.
Question 7
102
Hiking Merit
Hiking
What to do when you get Lost

Eat foods to keep your Energy.
Some berries, plants and insects can be
eaten safely. Learn which ones by making
this part of your trip planning and
preparation.

Question 7
Administer First Aid if necessary.
103
Hiking Merit
Hiking Equipment
End of Lesson 4
Handout Worksheet:
Hiking MWS 3
“10 Mile Hike Planner"
104