Transcript Early 19th Century - Western Civilization II

Early 19th Century
Congress of Vienna
• Europe reaches a BALANCE OF
POWER
• Goals:
1) Europe wants to prevent another
“Napoleon-like” leader from gaining
power
2) No nation should threaten another
3) No more Enlightenment-inspired
revolutions
How the Congress worked
• Four Great Powers –
• Helped create
England, Russia,
nationalistic
Austria, France
movements –
• Plus One – Prussia
Belgians, Italians,
• Focus was on
Germans, Greeks,
granting a balance
etc.
among the different
countries – dominated • De-emphasized
the liberal gains of
by Klaus von
Metternich.
French Revolution.
Europe – Post Congress of
Vienna
Results of French Revolution
• Nationalism was born
• French people demonstrated how a
popular revolution could be staged
• Spread of Enlightenment ideals into
government – influence of Haiti and South
America
• Re-structuring of French Social Order
• Less power to Catholic Church
• Development of true middle class
•FOREVER CUT
THE FRENCH
FROM MEDIEVAL
BONDS!!!!
Was Napoleon Part of the
Revolution?
• If so….
– Napoleonic code introduced
– Nationalism spread – mostly against
Napoleon
– Development of modern warfare – based
upon Merit and tactics – artillery more
important than troops
– Spread of Revolutionary Ideals
– Counter-reaction by the conservatives.
Reaction to the French Revolution
• In France there was a counter-reaction to
Napoleon, but constant attempts by
Liberals and radicals to continue the
reforms of the revolution.
• In England, Golden Age of thought on the
horizon
• In Central Europe – Monarchies reestablish themselves, but are challenged
multiple times.
Development of Four Movements
• Political Movements
– Nationalism – We have done this
– Liberalism v. Conservatism
• Social Movement
– Romanticism
• Economic Movement
– Socialism
Conservatism v. Liberalism
•
•
Conservatives – against liberal reforms
and limited and realizable goals of
change in society – radical change is not
necessary. - Orthodox
Liberals - Value the revolution of
individual liberty, social and economic
equality - tied into laissez-faire capitalism
– Progressive.
Romanticism
• Social and Cultural movement
– Anti-Reason
– Focused on Individual beauty and talent
– History seen as glorified – past history
– God becomes important again – he is seen as
having created a beautiful creation.
– Awwwww….
Romantic Artists
•
•
•
•
•
Francisco Goya
JW Turner
Henry Fuseli
William Blake
Edward Delacroix
Romantic Poets
• William Blake, Percy Shelley, John Keats,
William Wordsmith, Lord Byron
• Wordsworth called poetry, “the
spontaneous overflow of powerful
feelings,”
Lord Byron – She Walks in Beauty
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
She walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies;
And all that's best of dark and bright
Meet in her aspect and her eyes:
Thus mellow'd to that tender light
Which heaven to gaudy day denies.
One shade the more, one ray the less,
Had half impair'd the nameless grace
Which waves in every raven tress,
Or softly lightens o'er her face;
Where thoughts serenely sweet express
How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.
And on that cheek, and o'er that brow,
So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,
The smiles that win, the tints that glow,
But tell of days in goodness spent,
A mind at peace with all below,
A heart whose love is innocent!
Romantic Music
•
•
•
•
•
Wolfgang Mozart
Hayden
Beethoven
Richard Wagner (much later)
Johannes Brahams
Reactions to Laissez-Faire
Some Embraced It
Thomas Mathus – Population moves
faster than food production –
therefore poverty is an inevitability
David Ricardo – “iron law of wages” –
higher wages lead to more children
which lead to more labor supply
which drives down the wages.
• Some Did Not
–Progressive Hero – John Stuart Mill
» Harm principle. You have the right to
do what you want as long as it does
not harm others – felt that there was
a tyranny of the majority (very present
in true liberalism)
»“Better to be Socrates dissatisfied
than a fool satisfied”
Socialism
• Socialism first developed out of two
people:
– Thomas More – 17th century thinker
• Utopia
– Jeremy Bentham – 19th century theorist
• Utilitarianism
• Pleasure Principle
• Greatest Good for greatest number
Socialism
• Theory that society should create social
and economic equality.
– Not class warfare
– Redistribution of wealth
– Socialist believed that technology was
pushing society towards their viewpoints
because of industrialization and inhumanity of
machines
Utopian Communities
• Popped up in Europe, but became very
much in vogue in US
• Brook Farm most famous – started by
George and Sophia Ripley (Unitarian
minister) – Nathanial Hawthorne founding
member
• Brook Farmers believed that by sharing
the workload, ample time would be
available for leisure activities and
intellectual pursuits