Transcript The 19th Century-The Age of Ideology

Revolution and the Age of Ideology
Heather Ramirez
Sandra Sandoval
Republicanism,
Revolution, and
Education
Education in the United States
After the American Revolution, it was very important to
unite the 13 colonies
Created a system that
distributed power
Divided townships into 36
sections – one reserved for education
U.S. Constitution leaves out education- so it becomes the
states’ responsibility
Early American Educational
Theorists
Benjamin Rush
Father of American Psychiatry
Provide Lewis & Clark with medical
kit
Samuel Smith
Engaged in the shipping business
Commanded Maryland’s quota
during the Whiskey Rebellion
Member of Congress and Senate
Benjamin Franklin
15th of 17 children and
youngest of 10 sons
Father was a candle maker and
soap maker
Was supposed to become a minister, but could
not afford school
Apprenticed as candle maker and printer
Benjamin Franklin (cont)
Published anti-religious articles under the
pseudonym “Silence Dogwood”
Opened the 1st public
library
Became an abolitionist
Signed all 4 founding
documents of the U.S.
Franklin & Education
Advocated a different kind of school
School to be focused on practical curriculum
Students would be able to choose
second language
Provided for vocational crafts
School unsuccessful – but
ideal lives on
Benjamin Franklin: An Enlightened American
Quick Biography of Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
Born into a wealthy family
The 3rd of 10 children
Experienced death of father at 14 – is
left 5000 acres of land and many slaves
Received a classical education and goes into law
Married once to Martha Wayles Skelton and had 6
children
Thomas Jefferson (cont)
Set out to reform and update Virginia's system of
laws to reflect its new status as a democratic state
Drafted 126 bills in 3 years
Became President in 1801
Obtained Louisiana
Purchase for $15 million
Jefferson and Education
Obsessed by idea of higher education without religious influences
Wanted students to be able
to specialize in classes not
offered at other schools
Founded the University of
Virginia in 1819
1st University to offer full variety
of electives
Centered around a library – not a church
Jefferson Facts
He had a lisp – and therefore hated public speaking
He died on the 4th of July on the 50th
anniversary of the signing of the
Declaration of Independence
He invented more words than
any other president
He kept 2 bear cubs in cages in
front of the White House – Gifts from Lewis & Clark
Jefferson's West: Thomas Jefferson and the Lewis and Clark Expedition
Republican Education
Shift from religious to social and political
Tried to form educated and
capable citizens
Exhibited a distrust in
centralized powers
Emphasized educating ordinary
people – not just elite intellectuals
Sought separation of church and state
The French Revolution
Caused by resentment of royal absolutism
95% of population
represented by only
1 vote
Enlightenment spreads
In 1789, Third estate proclaims itself the National Assembly
and Bastille is stormed
French Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
French Education
Switch from Catholic domination
before the war, to government
domination
Complete rejection of the old order
Emphasis on teaching the French language
Rewards were offered for those who attended “republic” schools as
opposed to religious-based private schools
Strong French centralization commitment
The Revolution, Napoleon, and Education
Napoleon
Born to minor Italian nobility
Entered military school at age 9
Had to learn French but spoke
with Italian accent
Called “The Little General” – but
was actually not short
Married Josephine de Beauharnais – they had no children
Education under Napoleon
Napoleon forms Concordat with Pope, allowing religious elementary schools to reestablish
Napoleon felt education was different
for boys and girls
Girls were to be taught religion and
domestic skills
Boys divided into two categories –under 12
and over 12
Elementary schools governed by municipalities
Secondary schools run strictly by the state
Created the Imperial University in 1808
Lycees and centralized power still exist in France today
Revolutionary Consequences
U.S. Changes
Less emphasis on
religion
More emphasis on
democracy
Education for common
people
Education for creating
citizenry
French Changes
Less emphasis on
religion
More emphasis on
nationalism
Education for common
citizens (except women)
Education as tool for
creating soldiers &
government
The 19th Century-The Age of Ideology
Ideologies
Industrialism
Liberalism
Conservatism
Socialism
Humanitarianism
Romanticism and Nationalism
Industrialism
Enlightenment provided framework for
application of scientific knowledge
Dominated by industry and manufacture of
machinery
Protestant work ethic prevailed among middle
class
Saw the rise of the middle class
Used education to advance upward
Industrialism
Reordered class
structure: aristocracy,
middle and working class
Capitalism had profound
effect on social, political,
and economic life
Education greatly
impacted
Industrialism
Aristocracy
Middle Class
Working Class
Landed aristocrats
Conservative
ideology
“Appropriateness"
of doctrine
Education=
maintain political
and status quo
“Nouveau riche”
Challenged status
quo (liberalism)
Literate and
educated citizenry
Education=advanc
e upward mobility
Became the lever
for social change
(Socialism)
Lost touch with
values and trad.
Dispossessed
Liberalism
Retained the ideas of
Enlightenment: intellectual,
religious and economic freedom
Rejected the idea of Divine Right
of Kings, established religion
Respected individualism, free
from government interference,
elected representation
Supported by middle class
Liberalism
Beginning of suffrage
movement in the U.S
(1830’s)
Women abolitionists
endorsed rights in 1837
Frances Wright, Flora
Tristan, Louise Otto
Liberalism-The Split
Positive Liberalism vs
Negative liberalism
Herbert Spencer and
John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill supported
reformed liberalism (i.e.
government programs, such
as popular education)
Conservatism
Reaction against 19th century
liberalism
Found support in aristocracy
Allied with state churches
Emphasized social stability
Social class gave individuals
purpose
Socialism
Origins: French
Revolution, Industrial
Revolution
Envisioned a system
where wealth and
property subject to social
control
Utopian socialists: SaintSimon, Owens, Fourier,
Socialism-Saint-Simon
Founder of SaintSimonian society
Advocated “New
Christianity”
Proposed that scientists
as priests
Called for the science of
society
Socialism: Charles Fourier
Believed that care and
cooperation were the secrets
of social success
If everyone cooperated,
production would improve
Instituted the ideas of
community “phalanxes”
Selection from Charles
Fourier)
Socialism-Phalanxes
Place for quiet activity
Dining rooms, meeting
rooms, libraries, study
Central room: temple,
tower, ceremonial
chimes
A large number of rooms,
apartments
Socialism-Robert Owen
Believed man’s character is made not by
him but for him
Influences on early education
New Lanark to New Harmony
" I left this country in 1824 to go to the
United States to sow the seeds in that
new fertile soil - new for material and
mental growth - the cradle of the future
liberty of the human race"
Socialism-New Communities
New Harmony
Brook Farm
Oneida Society
North American Phalanx
Humanitarianism
Human beings deserve
respect and dignity
Against slavery, violation
of basic human rights,
discrimination
Women supported
Humanitarian bills
focused on improvement
of working conditions
Romanticism
Reaction against the
Enlightenment,
counter-enlightenment
Emphasized imagination and
feeling
Return to nature and belief in the
goodness of humanity
Development of nationalism
Romanticism
Music-Mozart, Haydn,
Beethoven
Literature: Hoffman,
Wordsworth, Coleridge,
Chateaubriand, Hugo,
Irving, Hawthorne,
Cooper
Art: Delacroix, Wyatt,
Romanticism and Trancendentalism
Rooted in philosophy of Kant
Founded in Cambridge, MA
Protest against culture and
society
Believed in ideal spiritual state
that transcends the physical
Emerson, Thoreau, Putnam,
Peabody, Alcott
Nationalism
Arose in Europe
Transition to nationstates against large
empires
Promoted national
identity and culture
Germany-strong cultural
identity
Nationalism-von Herder
Saw Germany as a land
interspersed with various
languages, religions, etc.
Identified need for
German identity
“No greater injury can be
inflicted on a nation that
to be robbed of her
national character…”
Implications for Education
Liberalism-individualism,
competition
Socialism-cooperative
activities, relationships at
school, new society
Conservatism-saw
school as an agency of
historical and social
continuity
Liberalism-saw education
as an instrument for
change
Nationalism-national
systems for education,
popular literacy
Romanticism-emphasized
the person and their
emotions
Questions to consider?
Which ideology is most evident in today’s
education?
Do politics guide education or does
education guide politics?
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1784herdermankind.html
http:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism
http:www.binghampton.edu/womanhist/arhm
References
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill/
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/naw/nawstime.htm
l
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism
http://historicaltextarchive.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fourier
References
http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/fourier
/works/ch20.htm