Transcript Moderate Resolution needs for global change landcover research

Landsat class data needs for
global change landcover
research
Chris Justice / Sam Goward
Geography Dept.
University of Maryland
College Park
General Requirements
• Continuous operational global acquisition of
science-quality Landsat class resolution data
– Operational replacement of instruments as needed to
maintain data coverage
• A well characterized long term data record
– Recognizing the need for dynamic product continuity
• A pricing policy that makes the data affordable for
the science community
• A data policy that enables free and open sharing of
data
• Data archives that are well preserved and easily
accessible
US Climate Change Science Program
• Land Use / Land Cover Change
(LULCC) is a new interdisciplinary
element of the CCSP – requiring a
combination of physical and social
science
• Land Use Change is recognized as
a major and immediate form of
global environmental change
• Land Use Change Research is of
direct societal relevance
• Land Use and Cover Change occurs
at a local scale but with national,
regional and global significance
Practical Importance
• Land use is key to addressing societal vulnerability
and resilience and is integral to local and regional
policy, resource management and development
issues.
• We need to understand the positive and negative
impacts of land use decisions.
• Better scientific understanding of land cover/land use
change is needed for carbon trading, food supply,
water quality, air quality and for assessing potential
impacts of climate variability – food security, flooding
• Realistic projections of land use change are needed
for water resource and ecosystem management and
urban and regional planning – these projections
cannot be made without an explicit understanding of
the land use processes including socio-economic,
demographic factors and environmental constraints.
Example National (US) Land Use Issues
• There are national and local questions which require a better
scientific understanding of land use and can benefit from the
rigor of global change research e.g.
– How are land cover and land use and the associated
infrastructures changing and how will they change in the future?
– What are the societal and environmental impacts of these
changes?
– What is the impact of land use change on water quality, water
supply and human health?
– What land use/land cover changes are taking place in the coastal
zone, what are the impacts on nutrient cycling, wetlands loss and
replacement?
– What land use/land cover changes are taking place at the urban /
rural interface – what are the various impacts and is there a loss
of agricultural land?
– Are forested lands increasing or decreasing and what are the
impacts of different forest and fire management practices?
– How have past changes and will future changes in land use and
management practices effect the carbon budget
Where’s the Sprawl?
Goetz et al UMd/WHRC
NASA/LCLUC
Disturbance History Example: Virginia
Clearing
Epoch
1985-88
1988-91
1991-95
1995-99
1999-01
Undisturbed
Forest
Masek et al. GSFC
Disturbance / loss
Regrowth / gain
Analysis of multiple, multi-date
Landsat scenes of data
Mid-Atlantic
Forest Disturbance,
1990-2000
~0.5% forest
disturbed/yr
(~80,000 Ha/yr)
Masek et al. GSFC
Michigan Land Use Projections, 2040
Models Initiated with Current Land Use and Trends
Built
Agriculture
Other vegetation
Forest
Lake
Wetland
(Skole et al. MSU)
High Resolution Data Needs
for LULCC research and applications
• Dynamic data continuity essential with no data gaps
– Science quality data essential (calibrated sensors)
– Global acquisition strategy implemented to meet science needs
• Co-locating moderate and high resolution land imagers
– EOS AM MODIS / ASTER combination is the science prototype
– LDCM and VIIRS will allow operational integrated products
• Must have a data policy to enable LULCC science
– Workable data pricing structure, especially for large volume data
analyses
– Open data policy allowing data sharing and exchange
• Targeted hyperspatial (1m) data will be needed as part
of the national information infrastructure
• CCSP Land Use Interagency Working Group
– Develop research opportunities for large volume data analysis
Global Land Remote Sensing in Landsat 7 Era:
providing high resolution coverage everywhere
Year 2000 L7 “low-cloud” 95% Global Coverage – USGS EROS
The International Case
• A number of international programs have evaluated
land observation needs
– IGBP DIS (1990’s) – high resolution project
– GTOS Global Observation of Forest Cover /Global
Observation of Landcover Dynamics (GOFC/GOLD)
– GCOS 2nd Adequacy Report
– IGOS-P Integrated Global Observation of Land (New)
– Group on Earth Observation System of Systems
(GEOSS) – strategic plan
• All have stated the need for continued provision of
Landsat class data
Example Global/Regional Issues
• There are a number of questions which require a better
understanding of land use e.g.
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Are current land use practices sustainable?
Where is land cover changing and what is the extent?
How does land use change affect human health?
How will land use change to feed the Worlds growing
population?
How are the Worlds Mega-cities changing and with what
impact on the environment and the quality of life?
How is land use change impacting regional and global
climates?
How will a changing climate impact land use?
What is the role land use change on the global carbon cycle?
How will climate and land use change combine to impact
human well being and environmental quality?
How are current land use changes impacting biodiversity?
How are regional changes in land use and cover affecting
water availability and will this fuel regional conflict?
LANDSAT 7
AMAZON
Logging,
Deforestation ,
Regrowth
at
Local Scales
ETM
Sharpened
Showing
Logging Patios
Skole et al..MSU
TM and ETM Deforestation & Regeneration 1992 - 2002
Wall to Wall Mapping at
Fine Scale for multiple
Years
Skole et al. MSU
Data Needs Beyond Landsat 7
• The data gap is now – there are currently major gaps in
our observations – at best we are capable of obtaining
global semi annual coverage
• Need for immediate solutions to the data gap - this will
require substantive funding FY 06!
– Coordinated global data buy for 2005/2006 to extend the NASA
1990/2000 data buys – possibly using alternative systems
– International coordination of acquisition will be needed
• OLI to be launched in 2010? - but what do we do in the
interim
– The Marburger ‘bridging mission” is the right thing to do
– bridging between Landsat 7 and OLI on NPOESS
– providing risk reduction for the OLI
Congo Basin: A Case in Point
• Congo Basin Forest Partnership
Announced by President Bush at
the WSSD
• US AID’s Central Africa Regional
Project for the Environment
(CARPE) – a US contribution
• Landsat primary tool for
determining rates of forest loss
and hot spots of land use change
– Landscape metrics
– No local Landsat ground station
– Cloud cover limits use of
composited products
• Immediate solution needed to
obtain basin wide data coverage
– Cloud clear L7 feasibility pilot?
– IRS Ground Station or data buy?
Landsat Tropical Deforestation
(DRC, Central Africa)
•Wall to wall mapping based on Landsat imagery
•Hampered by scarcity of data for the region due to clouds and irregular archiving.
16 pairs of Landsat imagery within DRC used to estimate forest extent and deforestation.
Observed annual rates of deforestation (1984-1998) ranged from 0.1 – 0.7 %; estimated overall deforestation rate
for DRC of 0.4%
What can we do for 2005?
.
Thoughts on Landsat Program
• Last time Landsat concept seriously reviewed and
documented ~ 1975 (when the Thematic Mapper
Sensor was designed).
• Opportunities to evaluate L4-7 TM data have
been constrained by commercialization and data
costs
– Current L7 costs are prohibitively expensive for regional
multi-date studies
• NASA Global Data Buys have been an
exceptional contribution to the science and
international collaboration and the primary means
for conducting regional scale land use science.
Landsat Class Observation Issues that
need Immediate Attention
•
•
•
•
•
Atmospheric Attenuation
Cloud Contamination
Temporal Repeat Frequency
Geo-registration and Mapping Standards
International Collaboration on data
acquistion
• Complimentary Hyper-spatial
Observations
Atmospheric Attenuation
R21 Science Advisory Board Recommendations
#
Band
1
2
Dark Blue
Blue
3
4
5
6
7
8
Green
Red
NIR
SWIR 1
SWIR 2
SWIR 3
9
Sharpening
10
Thermal
11
12
R21 SAB April 01
Recommendations
433 – 453
450 – 515
Science
Priority
3
1
525a – 600
630 – 680
845 – 880
1200b – 1300b
1560 – 1660
2100 – 2300
or 2020c – 2150c
a. - 680
1
1
1
4
1
1
10400d – 12500d
10400 – 11500
& 11500 – 12500
1360 – 1390
910 – 970
3.5
2.5
Use
Scattering/Coastal
Pigments/Scatter/Coas
tal
Pigments/Coastal
Pigments/Coastal
Foliage/Coastal
Experimental
Foliage
Minerals/Litter/No
Scatter
Edges/Low Science
Value
Clouds/land
cover/fluxes
Technical Problem
Cirrus Clouds
Not Needed
Cirrus
1
Water
4
Vapor
Essential, Secondary, Not Needed, Italic s – Differs from LDCM Specs
Goward, Pecora 15 Presentation
Cloud Contamination from a 16 day repeat cycle
(L7 16-Day Temporal Repeat – Washington DC region, 2000)
May 11
June 28
May 27
July 14
June 12
July 30
Geo-registration for EO1 -ALI
image of Oahu
N
Orthorectification essential for NASA EO-1 ALI – topographic effect on
band alignment
The same will be requirement for OLI
Orthorectification requires decision on World Mapping Standards
International Collaboration
N
Mid-Res Land Imaging Satellites
Y e ar
2004
2005
2006
Landsat 5
Landsat 7
LCDM
EO-1
MTI
2007
2008
Re s . M
GERM ANY
2- - 2 .5
3- - 5
SPOT-2
SPOT-4
SPOT-5
FRANCE
INDIA
10
12 - - 15
CHINA & BRAZ IL
CBERS-1
CBERS-2
CBERS-3
CBERS-4
20
30 - - 32
36
CHINA
Ziyuan-ZY -2A
Ziyuan-ZY -2B
DMC China DMC
Proba
KOMPSAT-1
RocSat2
ERS-2
ENVISAT
RadarSat 1
RadarSat 2
ALOS
6- - 6 .6
7- - 9
IRS 1C
IRS 1D
ResourceSat-1
Cartosat-1
ResourceSat-2
DMC AlSat-1
DMC
DMC BilSat
DMC UK
DMC VinSat-1
TopSat
DMC ThaiPhat
2010
US
RapidEye-A
RapidEye-B
RapidEye-C
RapidEye-D
ALOS
2009
OPTICAL
ESA
KOREA
T AIWAN
JAPAN
AL GERIA
NIGERIA
T URKEY
UK
V IET NAM
UK
T HAIL AND
RADAR
ESA
CANADA
JAPAN
Stoney, 2004
Hyper-Spatial Resolution Imagery
2000 acquisition Ikonos
Sample hyperspatial data needed for global land use change
research and Validation of Landsat Class data products
An Operational Land Imager
• Operational Landsat Class Instrument on NPOESS: an excellent
concept – (what is a realistic launch date?)
• Need to ensure that the OLI meets the needs of the science
community – a transparent process
– Involve the science community in the design and development of the
OLI system – ensure science quality data
– Develop a structure to organize the science community interface with
the instrument e.g. through a Land Sciences Institute
• Ensure pricing policy which enables science use of large volume
data with periodic compilation of global data sets
– Free and open sharing of data as with the meteorological satellites
• Prototyping of merged products (VIIRS/OLI)
• Institutional data archive needed
• Low cost data distribution systems to be prototyped by the
research community e.g. Global Land Cover Facility (UMd),
Landsat.org (MSU)
Additional Needs Beyond OLI
• If US is to maintain a leadership role in earth
observation and make a substantive contribution
to the imaging needs of GEOSS - then we need
to address the additional needs beyond OLI
– Increased temporal coverage needed to achieve 7 day
repeat clear views
• A constellation of low cost small satellites providing data
continuity to the Landsat class of observations using OLI
as the calibration standard
• A technology development challenge for the country