Transcript CHAPTERS 12 AND 13 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE

CHAPTERS 12 AND 13
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE
SOUTHERN ECONOMY (1790-1860)
CHAPTER 12
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN AMERICA
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Industrial Revolution = a period of rapid growth in using
machines for manufacturing and production that began in the mid1700s
Changes were needed in manufacturing during the mid-1700s
Demand was greater than the available supply of goods
WATER FRAME
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Richard Arkwright invented the water frame in 1769
The device change how textiles (cloth items) were made
Since it used flowing water as a power source, factories were built
near rivers
It lowered the cost of cotton cloth and increased the speed of
textile production
SAMUEL SLATER
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Skilled British mechanic
It was illegal for skilled mechanics to leave England with machine
plans
Immigrated to the after carefully memorizing the designs of textile
mills
He was responsible for having new and improved textile mills
constructed in America
AMERICAN TEXTILE MILLS
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Most textile mills (factories) were built in the North, especially in
the Northeast and New England
Merchants had more money to invest in the North and there were
many rivers and streams to supply power
ELI WHITNEY
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In the 1790s, America was worried about a possible war with France
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It took too long to make weapons by hand, so factories needed better
technology (tools used to produce items or to do work)
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1798 – Eli Whitney invented interchangeable parts
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Interchangeable parts = parts of a machine that are identical
◦ This made machines easier to assemble and broken parts easier to
replace
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Mass production = the efficient production of large numbers of identical
goods
RHODE ISLAND SYSTEM
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Samuel Slater’s strategy of hiring families and diving
work into simple tasks
Textile manufacturers kept costs down and profits high
by hiring children and paying them very little
FRANCIS CABOT LOWELL
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Businessman from New England
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Lowell System = based on water-powered textile mills that employed
young, unmarried women from local farms
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His system allowed women the opportunity to earn better wages than
most available jobs
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A typical “Lowell girl” stayed at the mills for 4 years
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Mill working days were 12 to 14 hours long and the conditions were
unsafe
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Mill workers suffered from chronic cough
LOWELL GIRL (PHOTO)
TRADE UNIONS
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Trade unions were organizations of workers who tried to
improve pay and working conditions for members
Some labor unions staged strikes – workers on strike refuse to
work until employers meet their demands
Early strikes were unsuccessful because the courts and the police
did not take the side of the unions
TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
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This was a period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel
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New forms of travel that were invented were the steam-powered train and
the steamboat
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This revolution allowed goods to travel quickly across the United States
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1803 – Robert Fulton created the Clermont, which was the first, fullsized commercial steamboat
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Steamboats traveled well upstream on rivers
TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
PRICING CHART
AMERICAN RAILROADS
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Steam-powered trains (locomotives) allowed manufacturers and
farmers to send their goods to distant markets
By 1860, 30,000 miles of railroad linked almost every major city in
the U.S.
The economy surged (boomed) as a result
Trains traveled faster than most people had ever gone before, so
they made a tremendous impact on passengers
Some challenges were building railroads that passed through
mountains and rivers
NEW FUEL AND METAL
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Coal replaced wood as a fuel source because it
produced more energy
Steel was stronger than iron, so it was used to build
factories, machines, and railroad tracks
Steel was made by a process called smelting – heating
iron ore to very high temperatures
NEW INVENTIONS
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1832 – Samuel Morse perfected the telegraph - a device that could send
information over wires across great distances and from coast to coast
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Alfred Lewis Vail (Morse’s partner) developed Morse Code - system of different
combinations of dots and dashes represented letters
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1860 – Isaac Singer’s company was the world’s largest maker of sewing machines
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Mechanical reaper and the plow allowed farmers to plant and harvest huge crop
fields
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1830s – icebox stored fresh food longer
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Iron cookstoves replaced stone hearths
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Companies started to mass produce earlier inventions so families could buy items
they could not afford in the past
MORSE CODE CHART
STEAM POWER AND NEW FACTORIES
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The shift to steam power meant that factories no longer had to be
built by streams, rivers, and waterfalls
Mid-1800s – most of America’s industry was located in the
Northeast
Companies built factories closer to cities and transportation
centers to provide easier access to workers
CHAPTER 13
REVIVING THE SOUTH’S ECONOMY
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After the American Revolution, the prices of tobacco,
rice, and indigo dropped
As a result, the demand and price of slaves dropped
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin greatly increased the demand
for slave labor
COTTON GIN
Eli Whitney patented this machine in 1793
 Cotton gin = machine that used a hand-cranked
cylinder with wire teeth to pull cotton fibers from the
green seeds
 This machine made the separation process much faster
and efficient
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COTTON GIN DIAGRAM
COTTON BOOM
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Cotton boom = cotton became very profitable, and
demand for slaves increased; more slaves were needed
to operate cotton gins
Southern cotton planters relied on rivers to ship goods
because of the lack of roads in the South
COTTON BELT
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Cotton belt = an area stretching from South Carolina
to Texas that grew most of the country’s cotton crop
By1840, the U.S. was producing more than half of the
cotton grown in the entire world
CROP ROTATION
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Crop rotation = changing the type of plant grown on
a given plot of land each year in order to protect the
land from mineral loss
Some types of crops = rice, sweet potatoes, wheat,
sugarcane, tobacco
SLAVERY IN THE U.S. (EARLY 1800s)
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Domestic (inside the U.S.) slave trade increased in the early 1800s
because Congress banned importation of slaves into the country (could
not get slaves from other countries)
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During the first half of the 1800s, one-third of white southern families
had slaves
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Wealthy white southerners argued that God created some people to rule
over others (religious justification)
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Life was similar in both southern cities and on plantations because
slaves did most of the work
FREE AFRICAN-AMERICANS
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By 1860, more than 250,000 free African-Americans lived in the South
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During the 1860s, many free African-Americans were descendants of
refugees from the Haitian Revolution or slaves freed after the
American Revolution
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Many southern states and cities passed laws to limit the rights of freed
slaves because southern citizens feared they would try to encourage slave
rebellions
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Free African-Americans could engage in business transactions during the
1860s
SLAVE SYSTEM
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Planter = large-scale farmers who held more than 20 slaves
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Plantation = large farm that usually specialized in growing one type of
crop for profit
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Slaves who worked in a planter’s house usually had better food, clothing,
and shelter, as opposed to those working on plantations
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Gang-labor system = planters had all field hands focused on the same
task at the same time
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Skilled slaves could earn money to buy freedom
LIFE UNDER SLAVERY
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Most planters encouraged slave obedience through physical
punishments, such as whippings or wearing iron chains while working
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Slaves lived in poor conditions, such as dirt-floor cabins with leaky roofs
and few furnishings
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Slave codes = strict state laws that controlled the actions of slaves
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Many slaves were uneducated because it was illegal to teach them
literacy under these slave codes
NAT TURNER’S REBELLION
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1831 – this was the most violent slave revolt in U.S. history
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Nat Turner believed he was on a mission from God to free slaves by
killing slaveholders
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His rebels killed 60 white people
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100 innocent slaves were killed
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Turner was executed on November 11, 1831
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Slave codes were toughened as a result of this uprising