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The American Nation
Chapter 14
North and South, 1820–
1860
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
The American Nation
Chapter 14: North and South, 1820–1860
Section 1:
Industry in the North
Section 2:
Life in the North
Section 3:
Cotton Kingdom in the South
Section 4:
Life in the South
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Industry in the North
Chapter 14, Section 1
• How did new inventions change manufacturing
and farming in the North?
• What difficulties did the first railroads face?
• How did railroads and clipper ships help the
northern economy?
New Inventions Changed Manufacturing and Farming
Chapter 14, Section 1
Invention
Inventor
Improvement
Sewing machine
Elias Howe,
improved by Isaac Singer
Clothing could be manufactured by
machine much more rapidly than it
could be made by hand.
Iron Plow
Jethro Wood
Steel Plow
John Deere
The older, heavy wood and iron plows
had to be pulled by slow-moving oxen.
A horse could pull a lighter-weight steel
plow faster.
Mechanical
Reaper
Cyrus McCormick
Mechanical Drill,
Threshing
Machine, HorseDrawn Hay Rake
A horse-drawn reaper could mow
wheat and other grains five times as
fast as farmhands using hand tools.
All these improvements helped farmers
raise more grain with fewer farmhands.
New Inventions Changed Manufacturing and Farming
Chapter 14, Section 1
Invention
Inventor
Improvement
Telegraph
Samuel F. B. Morse
The “talking wire,” or telegraph, was a
device that sent electrical signals along
a wire. For the first time, news could
travel long distances in a few minutes.
steam-powered
locomotive
engine
an English family
Railroad cars had been pulled by
horses or mules. The steam-powered
locomotive, or engine to pull railroad
cars, could do 30 miles per hour.
The Trouble With Railroads
Chapter 14, Section 1
Early problems
• Workers who moved freight on horse-drawn wagons
feared losing their jobs.
• Investors in canals worried that competition from the
railroads would cause them to lose their investments.
• Soft roadbeds and weak bridges often led to railroad
accidents.
• Locomotives often broke down.
• The smokestacks belched thick smoke and hot embers.
The embers sometimes burned clothing.
• Where there was only one track instead of one in each
direction, trains collided.
Gradually, many of these problems were solved and by the
1850s, railroads crisscrossed the nation.
Railroads in 1850
Chapter 14, Section 1
Railroads in 1850
Chapter 14, Section 1
Railroads and Clippers Improve the Northern Economy
Chapter 14, Section 1
Railroads increased commerce within the United States.
• New York, Chicago, and Cincinnati became major rail centers.
• Railroads allowed factory owners to transport large amounts cheaply
and quickly
• Railroads linked towns with cities. The towns became markets for
goods made in the cities.
• Railroads brought cheap farm goods from the West to New England.
New England farmers could not compete and left their farms for other
jobs.
A new kind of ship, the clipper ship, increased commerce between the
United States and other nations.
• Americans sold cotton, fur, wheat, lumber, and tobacco overseas.
• John Griffiths launched a new, speedier ship—the clipper ship. It was
a sleek vessel with tall masts and huge sails that caught every gust of
wind.
Steam Power Also Helped the Northern Economy
Chapter 14, Section 1
• Steam power had advantages over water power.
• Factories that used steam power could be built
anywhere. They didn’t have to be built along
rivers.
• Steam-driven machines were powerful, as well as
cheap to run.
• The new machines produced more goods at lower
cost.
Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 14, Section 1
The telegraph changed people’s lives. For the first time, people could
a) communicate over long distances almost instantly.
b) carry letters on horseback from telegraph station to telegraph station.
c) send messages from New England to Ireland.
d) find jobs in the new factories in northern cities.
An expanding network of railroads changed the northern economy by
a) helping the United States win a larger share of the world’s trade.
b) increasing northern farming.
c) dividing workers in rural towns from those in big cities.
d) transporting goods more cheaply and quickly.
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Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 14, Section 1
The telegraph changed people’s lives. For the first time, people could
a) communicate over long distances almost instantly.
b) carry letters on horseback from telegraph station to telegraph station.
c) send messages from New England to Ireland.
d) find jobs in the new factories in northern cities.
An expanding network of railroads changed the northern economy by
a) helping the United States win a larger share of the world’s trade.
b) increasing northern farming.
c) dividing workers in rural towns from those in big cities.
d) transporting goods more cheaply and quickly.
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Life in the North
Chapter 14, Section 2
• How were conditions in factories in the 1840s
worse than those in the 1820s?
• What did factory workers hope to accomplish by
joining together?
• Who were the new immigrants in the mid-1800s?
• How were free African Americans treated in the
North?
Factory Conditions Worsened in the 1840s
Chapter 14, Section 2
•
•
•
•
Steam-powered factories of the 1840s and 1850s were larger than
the mills of the early 1800s. The new factories changed the way
work was done and the way workers lived and worked.
Mass production changed the way workers felt about their jobs. In
the past, artisans, or skilled workers, were proud of what they
made. With mass production, factory owners were interested in
how much the factory produced, not how well it was done.
Workers could not be creative.
Artisans often owned and managed their own businesses. Factory
workers were unlikely to rise to manage a business.
Often, entire families labored in factories, including children. They
worked long hours—from 4 A.M. until 7:30 P.M.
Factory workers faced discomfort and danger. Few factories had
windows or heating systems. Factory machines had no safety
devices. There were no laws regulating factory conditions.
Workers Joined Together
Chapter 14, Section 2
Poor working conditions and low wages led workers to organize. In the
1820s and 1830s, artisans in each trade formed trade unions.
• The unions called for a shorter workday, higher wages, and better
working conditions.
• Sometimes, unions went on strike, that is, they refused to work until
their demands were met.
Slowly, workers made progress.
• In 1840, President Van Buren approved a ten-hour workday for
government employees.
• Artisans won better pay, but unskilled workers made little progress.
• Women Workers organized, too.
New England textile workers protested wage cuts and unfair work rules.
• Women workers staged strikes at Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1830s.
• The Lowell Female Labor Reform Association petitioned the state
legislature for a ten-hour workday.
New Immigrants of the Mid-1800s
Chapter 14, Section 2
• By the late 1800s, many factory workers were new
immigrants.
• Many immigrants came from Great Britain seeking to
earn higher wages.
• Between 1845 and 1860, over 1.5 million Irish immigrated
to the United States. A disease had destroyed Ireland’s
potato crop, leading to a famine, or severe food
shortage. Thousands died of starvation and disease.
Others fled to the United States.
• Between 1848 and 1860, nearly a million Germans
arrived in the United States. Revolutions had broken out
in many parts of Germany. People left Germany to avoid
the violence.
New Immigrants of the Mid-1800s
Chapter 14, Section 2
Not everyone welcomed the immigrants.
• One group of Americans, called nativists, wanted to
preserve the country for native-born, white citizens.
• Because immigrants were willing to work for lower pay,
some Americans protested that they “stole” jobs.
• Many people distrusted the different languages, customs,
and dress.
• Some people blamed immigrants for a rise in city crime.
• Some people mistrusted Irish newcomers because many of
them were Catholics. Until then, a majority of immigrants to
the United States had been Protestant.
• Nativists formed a new political party. It was called the
Know-Nothing party. The party was anti-Catholic and antiimmigrant.
New Immigrants of the Mid-1800s
Chapter 14, Section 2
African Americans in the North
Chapter 14, Section 2
African Americans in
the North met
discrimination
• Discrimination is a policy or attitude that denies
equal rights to certain groups of people.
• African Americans were denied “the ballot-box,
the jury box, the halls of the legislature, the
army, the public lands, the school, and the
church.”
• African Americans had trouble finding good
jobs.
African Americans in
the North met some
success.
• Some African Americans found success owning
their own businesses.
• Some African Americans became successful
professionals.
Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 14, Section 2
Which statement best describes one way factory conditions changed in the
1840s because of mass production?
a) Workers began to take greater pride in the goods they made.
b) Factory owners began to care more about how good their products
were.
c) New laws said that owners must spend money on safety equipment.
d) Factory workers now worked longer hours for lower wages.
After northern states outlawed slavery, free African Americans in the North
a) were drafted into the army.
b) were still not allowed to vote in most northern states.
c) found good jobs because they were willing to work for less.
d) fled to the South.
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Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 14, Section 2
Which statement best describes one way factory conditions changed in the
1840s because of mass production?
a) Workers began to take greater pride in the goods they made.
b) Factory owners began to care more about how good their products
were.
c) New laws said that owners must spend money on safety equipment.
d) Factory workers now worked longer hours for lower wages.
After northern states outlawed slavery, free African Americans in the North
a) were drafted into the army.
b) were still not allowed to vote in most northern states.
c) found good jobs because they were willing to work for less.
d) fled to the South.
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Cotton Kingdom in the South
Chapter 14, Section 3
• How did the cotton gin improve cotton production
in the South?
• How did the South become an agricultural
economy?
• In what ways was the South dependent on the
North?
The Cotton Gin
Chapter 14, Section 3
• Textile mills in the North and in Britain needed more and
more raw cotton to make cloth.
• Southern planters could grow plenty of cotton, but
removing the seeds by hand was a slow process.
• Eli Whitney built a machine to clean cotton—the cotton
engine, or gin. It had rollers with wire teeth that separated
the seeds from the fibers. One worker using a gin could do
the work of 50 people cleaning cotton by hand.
• The cotton gin led to a boom in cotton production.
• Cotton plants wore out the soil, so planters began to look
for fresh land. By the 1850s, cotton plantations extended in
a wide band from the East Coast westward to Texas. This
area became known as the Cotton Kingdom.
• As the Cotton Kingdom spread, so did slavery.
The Rise of Cotton Production and the Growth of Slavery
Chapter 14, Section 3
The South Becomes an Agricultural Economy
Chapter 14, Section 3
Crop
Growing Area
Cotton
a wide band from South
Carolina through
Alabama and Mississippi
to Texas
• promoted the plantation system
and slavery
Rice
coasts of South Carolina
and Georgia
• required expensive irrigation and
drainage systems
• promoted the plantation system
Louisiana and Texas
• required expensive irrigation and
drainage systems
• promoted the plantation system
Virginia, North Carolina,
and Kentucky
• Usually grown on small farms
Sugar Cane
Tobacco
Effects
The Economic Relationship Between North and South
Chapter 14, Section 3
Southern industry remained small.
• agricultural tools—cotton gins, planters, and plows
• other agricultural goods—ironware, hoes, and hemp for
bags
• cheap cotton cloth
• Tredegar Iron Works of Richmond, Virginia—railroad
equipment, machinery, tools, cannons
• flour mills
However, the South had little industry compared with the
North. The South depended on the North and on Europe.
• loans from northern banks
• northern furniture, tools, and machines
Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 14, Section 3
The cotton gin had a great effect on the South. The invention of the cotton gin
led to
a) an enormous expansion in cotton production.
b) a decrease in the number of slaves.
c) the spread of large tobacco plantations onto cotton land.
d) the introduction of new crops, such as rice.
In the mid-1800s, most southern manufacturing centered on
a) furniture.
b) railroads.
c) agricultural tools.
d) cotton cloth.
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Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 14, Section 3
The cotton gin had a great effect on the South. The invention of the cotton gin
led to
a) an enormous expansion in cotton production.
b) a decrease in the number of slaves.
c) the spread of large tobacco plantations onto cotton land.
d) the introduction of new crops, such as rice.
In the mid-1800s, most southern manufacturing centered on
a) furniture.
b) railroads.
c) agricultural tools.
d) cotton cloth.
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Life in the South
Chapter 14, Section 4
• Which groups of white southerners made up
southern society?
• How were free African Americans treated?
• What laws restricted the freedom of African
Americans?
• How did African Americans resist slavery?
White Southern Society
Chapter 14, Section 4
The wealthy
• A planter was someone who owned at least 20 slaves.
• Only one white southerner in 30 belonged to a planter family.
• Less than 1 percent owned 50 or more slaves. These wealthy
families were called the “cottonocracy.”
Small farmers
• About 75 percent of southern whites were small farmers.
• They owned the land they farmed.
• These “plain folk” might own one or two slaves.
• Plain folk worked with their slaves in the fields.
Poor whites
• They did not own the land they farmed. They rented it.
• Poor whites often lived in the hilly, wooded areas of the South.
Who Made Up Southern Society?
Chapter 14, Section 4
Free African Americans
Chapter 14, Section 4
Most free African Americans were descendants of slaves freed
during and after the American Revolution. Others had bought their
freedom.
Slave owners feared that free African Americans might set a bad
example for enslaved African Americans.
• They might encourage slaves to rebel.
• They proved African Americans could take care of themselves.
Southern states passed laws to make life harder for free African
Americans.
• Free African Americans were not allowed to travel or vote.
• In some states, they either had to move out of the state or let
themselves be enslaved.
Laws and Practices Restricted the Freedom of Enslaved
African Americans
Chapter 14, Section 4
Southern states passed laws known as slave codes to
keep slaves from running away or rebelling.
• Enslaved African Americans were forbidden to
gather in groups of more than three.
• They could not leave their owner’s land without a
written pass.
• They were not allowed to own guns.
• It was a crime for slaves to learn how to read and
write.
• They did not have the right to testify in court.
Laws and Practices Restricted the Freedom of Enslaved
African Americans
Chapter 14, Section 4
• Conditions varied from plantation to plantation.
• Slaves generally worked long, hard days—up to 16 hours a
day.
• Since southern laws did not recognize slave marriages or
slave families, it was hard for African Americans to keep
their families together. On some large plantations, extended
families—grandparents, parents, children, aunts, uncles,
and cousins—often did manage to form close-knit groups.
• Some planters allowed white ministers to preach to their
slaves.
African Americans Resisted Slavery
Chapter 14, Section 4
• Some African Americans struck back against slavery as the
opportunity presented itself, such as by breaking tools,
destroying crops, and stealing food.
• Many enslaved African Americans tried to escape to the
North.
• A few African Americans used violence to resist the slave
system. For example Denmark Vesey, a free man, planned a
revolt. However, he was betrayed before the revolt began.
• Nat Turner, an African American preacher, led a major
revolt. He led his followers through Virginia, killing many
whites. In hunting him down, whites killed many innocent
African Americans before they found and hanged Turner.
Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 14, Section 4
In the 1860s, most southern whites were
a) poor white people.
b) planters.
c) small farmers.
d) members of the “cottonocracy.”
Slaves were forbidden to learn how to read and write mainly because
a) slave owners feared that slaves who could read would use their
knowledge to run away.
b) whites thought that educated slaves would write stories about the
planters.
c) white people thought that if African Americans could read and write,
they might become too friendly.
d) poor whites did not want African Americans to know more than they
did.
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Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 14, Section 4
In the 1860s, most southern whites were
a) poor white people.
b) planters.
c) small farmers.
d) members of the “cottonocracy.”
Slaves were forbidden to learn how to read and write mainly because
a) slave owners feared that slaves who could read would use their
knowledge to run away.
b) whites thought that educated slaves would write stories about the
planters.
c) white people thought that if African Americans could read and write,
they might become too friendly.
d) poor whites did not want African Americans to know more than they
did.
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