Transcript Affirmative Action - University of Nebraska Omaha

The Emergence of the Two Party
System and Jacksonian Democracy
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The Election of 1824
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Republican Party: the only party in
operation prior to the 1824 election
Several Republican factions put up their
own candidates for the Presidency
Adams fell behind Andrew Jackson in
both popular and electoral votes, but
received more than William H. Crawford
and Henry Clay
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No candidate had a majority of electoral
votes, thus, the election was decided
among the top three by the House of
Representatives
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Clay threw his House support to Adams
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Once President, Adams appointed Clay
as Secretary of State
 Jackson charged that a "corrupt
bargain" had taken place
 Immediately began campaigning to
wrest the Presidency from Adams in
1828.
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John Quincy Adams: Inaugural Address
(March 4, 1825)
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Well aware of Congressional
hostility towards him, Adams
attempted to reconcile a divided
nation by appealing to shared
history and values
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“Of the two great political parties which have
divided the opinions and feelings of our country,
the candid and the just will now admit that both
have contributed splendid talents, spotless
integrity, ardent patriotism, and disinterested
sacrifices to the formation and administration of
this Government...”
“There still remains one effort of magnanimity, one
sacrifice of prejudice and passion, to be made by
the individuals throughout the nation who have
heretofore followed the standards of political party.
It is that of discarding every remnant of rancor
against each other, of embracing as countrymen
and friends, and of yielding to talents and virtue
alone that confidence which in times of contention
for principle was bestowed only upon those who
bore the badge of party communion.”
John Quincy Adams
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The Election of 1828
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In the 1828 Election nominations were no longer made by Congressional
caucuses, but rather by conventions and the state legislatures
In essence, this election was a rematch between Adams and Jackson
 A true mud-slinging contest
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Adams accused of misusing public funds
Jackson was accused of adultery and of murder for executing militia deserters and
dueling participants
The election was a clear victory for Jackson, but highly sectional in nature
 The South, West, Pennsylvania and New York went for Jackson; New
England voted for Adams
The first election to be decided by popular vote
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Jackson’s First Inaugural Address
(March 4, 1829)
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Andrew Jackson and his
followers had strong beliefs
about how government should
run
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Jacksonians believed in
states' rights, the sale of
federal lands, and westward
expansion
“…I may be called on to
pursue in regard to the rights
of the separate States I hope
to be animated by a proper
respect for those sovereign
members of our Union…”
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Jackson’s Inaugural Party
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Jackson invited his supporters to
the White House to celebrate his
inauguration
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The guests became raucous in their
celebration and property was
damaged
Jackson himself had to be protected
from harm
“What a scene did we witness! The Majesty of the People
had disappeared, and a rabble, a mob, of boys, negros,
women, children, scrambling fighting, romping. What a
pity what a pity!...The President, after having been
literally nearly pressed to death and almost suffocated
and torn to pieces by the people in their eagerness to
shake hands with Old Hickory, had retreated through the
back way… Cut glass and china to the amount of several
thousand dollars had been broken in the struggle to get
the refreshments, punch…Ladies fainted, men were seen
with bloody noses and such a scene of confusion took
place as is impossible to describe,--those who got in
could not get out by the door again, but had to scramble
out of windows… the windows were thrown open, and
the torrent found an outlet, which otherwise might have
proved fatal…”
Bayard Smith
March 11th, 1829
Image of Jackson’s Inaugural Party
-Margaret
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Jackson’s First Annual Message to Congress
(December 8, 1829)
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After the circumstances of his
defeat in 1824, Jackson
recommended eliminating the
Electoral College
He also tried to democratize
Federal office-holding
State machines were being built
on patronage
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New York Senator openly
proclaimed "that to the victors
belong the spoils. . . . “
Jackson also decried officeholders who seemed to enjoy
life tenure
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He believed that offices should
rotate among deserving applicants
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Cherokee Nation vs. the State of Georgia
(1831)
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By the 19th century, the expanding
white population created friction with
Indian tribes
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The Compact of 1802: Georgia gave
up its western land claims to the
federal government
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States did not want independent Indian
enclaves within the state
Tribes did not want to relocate
In exchange, Washington promised
treaties to relocate tribes living within
Georgia
When Georgia moved to extend state
laws over Cherokee tribal lands in
1830, the matter went to the U.S.
Supreme Court
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The court ruled that the Cherokee were
not a sovereign nation and therefore
refused to hear the case
In Worcester v. State of Georgia
(1832), the court ruled that Georgia
could not impose laws in Cherokee
territory
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Only the national government had authority in
Indian affairs
•Jackson put pressure on the Cherokee to
sign a removal treaty, the Treaty of New
Echota
•The removal of the Cherokee, known
as the “Trail of Tears,” led to the deaths
of 2,000-4,000 Cherokee
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Jackson’s Proclamation of February 10th, 1831
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At the end of Jackson’s first
term, the President was
confronted with illegal
speculators in the federal
territory of Arkansas
This proclamation outlines the
problem and consequences for
those who defy federal authority
“Whereas… certain persons pretending to act
under the authority of the Mexican
Government… have attempted to and do
survey, for sale and settlement, a portion of the
public lands in said Territory… Whereas such
acts and practices are contrary to the law of the
land… and are offenses against the peace and
public tranquility of the said Territory… Now…
I, Andrew Jackson, President of the United
States… do issue this my proclamation,
commanding… all persons who have unlawfully
entered upon, taken possession of, or made
any settlement on the public lands in the said
counties… forthwith to depart and remove
therefrom… and to execute and carry into effect
this proclamation I do hereby authorize the
employment of such military force as may be
necessary… and warn all offenders in the
premises that they will be prosecuted and
punished…”
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Jackson’s Veto Message (June 10, 1832)
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For Jackson, the Bank of the United
States represented a monopoly
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When Jackson vetoed the bank bill, it
appealed to the masses, who blamed the
bank for the Panic of 1819
After the election of 1832, Jackson
proceeded to destroy the Bank of the
United States
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For him, it was a private institution which
had too much influence on the nation's
finances
He declared the bank was unauthorized by
the Constitution, subversive of states’
rights, and dangerous to people’s liberty
He withdrew the national deposit from the
Bank and stored it in state owned banks
Initially, land sales, canal construction,
cotton production, and manufacturing
boomed
State debts rose sharply, however, and
inflation increased dramatically
Some argue that Jackson’s bank policy
was directly responsible for the Panic of
1837
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Henry Clay’s reaction Jackson’s Veto (July 10, 1832)
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In the early 19th century, the federal
government coined only a small supply of
money
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Private commercial banks were the
principal sources of circulating currency
The notes they issued were backed by a
limited amount of precious metal and
fluctuated greatly in value.
In an effort to control these notes issued
by local state banks, the federal
government chartered the Second Bank
of the United States in 1816
Many people saw it as the cause of the
Panic of 1819
In 1832, Jackson’s opponents like Henry
Clay and Daniel Webster used the issue
of rechartering the bank as to polarize
public opinion before the election.
Although the bank’s charter did not expire
until 1836, Clay and Webster wanted to
force Jackson to take a clear pro-bank or
anti-bank position. Their goal was to force
to him either to sign the bill for recharter,
alienating voters hostile to the bank, or
veto it, antagonizing conservative voters
who favored a sound banking system.
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South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification
(November 24, 1832)
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Towards the end of his first term, Jackson was
confronted with the ''Nullification Crisis''
Precipitated by protective Tariff of 1828
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Incited debate over states' rights
Ultimately threatened violent hostilities between
South Carolina and the federal government, and the
dissolution of the Union
Despite South Carolina's protests, Congress passed
another protective tariff in 1832
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The tariff made imported manufactured goods more
expensive than those made in the North
Business and farming interests in the state had hoped
that Jackson would modify tariff laws
In their view, all the benefits of protection were going to
Northern manufacturers
While the country as a whole grew richer, South
Carolina grew poorer
Southerners were disappointed
The tariff failed to moderate protective barriers
South Carolina endorsed "nullification," enunciated
by John C. Calhoun, Jackson's vice president
The legislature passed laws to enforce the
ordinance, including authorization for military force
A clash was therefore set between the federal
government and South Carolina
John C. Calhoun
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Jackson's Proclamation Regarding
Nullification (December 10, 1832)
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Jackson thought nullification was tantamount to treason
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Dispatched ships to Charleston harbor
Threatened to go to South Carolina and hang any man who
refused to obey the law
Jackson issued a proclamation that disputed a states' right
to nullify a federal law
Congress then passed the Force Act that authorized the use
of military force against any state that resisted the tariff acts
Crisis worsened until 1833 when Henry Clay again took up
his role as the Great Compromiser
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On the same day the Force Bill passed, he secured passage of
the Tariff of 1833
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This provided for the gradual reduction of the tariff over 10 years
Helped to preserve the supremacy of the Federal government over
the states
One precursor to the developing conflict between the North
and South over economics and slavery.
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James Petigru
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None of the southern states backed South Carolina
Nonetheless, many southerners declared their sympathies to be
with the people of South Carolina
The conflict helped enforce the idea of secession which
ultimately led to the Civil War
As the Unionist, James Petigru, wrote at the time, "Nullification
has done its work. It has prepared the minds of men for a
separation of the states - and when the question is moved again
it will be distinctly union or disunion"
In 1860, South Carolina was the first state to secede
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Anti-Masonic Party
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Anti-Masonic party emerged in 1826
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Nation’s first powerful third party
Starting out of protest to the cover up of a murder of defecting Mason,
William Morgan, the party swiftly gained popularity because they
provided a reason for the unresponsiveness of the government
In 1832 the party ran William Writ for President against Henry Clay
and Andrew Jackson
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National Republican Party (1828-1834)
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National Republican Party
emerged after election of 1828
Composed of Jackson’s political
foes and supporters of John
Quincy Adams
Led by John Quincy Adams,
Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John
M. Clayton, and Samuel Southard
Party promoted the National Bank,
a protective tariff to stimulate the
economy, and federal government
subsidization of national
infrastructure improvement
Strongly opposed the Indian
Removal Act
In 1832 the National Republicans
ran Henry Clay for President.
Daniel Webster
John M. Clayton
Samuel Southard
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Election of 1832
The election of 1832 was the first one in American
history to show evidence of a strong third party.
Although the prominent Anti-Masonic party only
received seven electoral votes, they did manage to
pull support away from Mason Henry Clay.
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Jackson’s Farewell Address (March 4, 1837)
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At the end of his second term, Jackson
delivered a memorable farewell address
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Noteworthy because of its prescience
Jackson warned against sectarian divisions
especially those existing between the North
and the South
He also clarified his position towards many
earlier policies where, he felt, his opposition
was perhaps misinterpreted
“But amid this general prosperity…We behold
systematic efforts publicly made to sow the
seeds of discord between different parts of
the United States and to place party divisions
directly upon geographical distinctions; to
excite the South against the North and the
North against the South…Appeals, too, are
constantly made to sectional interests
…possible dissolution of the Union has at
length become an ordinary and familiar
subject of discussion…Delude not yourselves
with the belief that a breach once made may
be afterwards repaired. If the Union is once
severed, the line of separation will grow wider
and wider, and the controversies which are
now debated and settled in the halls of
legislation will then be tried in fields of battle
and determined by the sword…”
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Liberty Party
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Liberty Party emerged in 1839
Members of the Liberty party were committed to the abolition of slavery
In 1840 and 1844 they ran James G. Binney for president
“Resolved, That the party ... will demand the absolute and unqualified
divorce of the General Government from slavery, and also the restoration of
equality of rights, among men, in every State where the party exists, or may
exist.”
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Democratic Party
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Composed of John
Quincy Adams'
opponents and the loyal
supporters of Andrew
Jackson
Democratic Party
believed in the power of a
strong executive power
They espoused many of
the beliefs of the
Jacksonian Democracy
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States’ rights
Indian removal
Westward expansion
The sale of federal land
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Multimedia Citation
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