Transcript No Slide Title

The Culture of Sharing – Open
Access to Scientific Literature
European Association of Science Editors
Ninth General Assembly and Conference
Krakow 15-18 June 2006
The Culture of Science Editing
Lars Björnshauge, Lund University
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Agenda
• Why is a librarian speaking at this
conference?? – introduction
• Sharing – Openness
– Sharing in the e-environment
• Open Access to Scientific Literature
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Agenda (continued)
• Intellectual Property Rights
• Some current trends and problems in
science publishing
• The roles of science editors
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Introduction
• Lund University
• Lund University Libraries & The Library
Head Office:
• Import: Library services
• Export: Publishing & dissemination of
Reseach Information
• Scholarly Communication: Sciecom, NCSC
conferences, Advocacy, DOAJ, OpenDOAR,
Journal hosting, LU OA-policy
• Bibliometrics, Research Assessment
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Start
1665
Introduction --- there is nothing more necessary for
Henry
promoting the improvement of
Oldenburg Philosophical Matters, than the
communicating --- [of] such things as are
discovered or put in practice by others;
it is therefore thought fit to employ the
Press --- All for the Glory of God, the
Honour and Advantage of these
Kingdoms, and the Universal Good of
Mankind
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OPENNESS
• Publishing
– Sharing of research results for others to
build upon – progress, development,
health, wealth etc.
– Technology changes (virtually)
everything
– The scope and possibilities of sharing
is changing as well
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SHARING in the E-environment
• Technologies open up new potential for
sharing
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Publishing & Dissemination
Metadata
Data & Objects
Standardization (formats, protocols)
Linking (DOI, CrossRef)
Low barrier technologies (OAI-PMH)
• Potential is turned into expectations and
demands
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Open Access
• The outset
– Pricing & quality issues
• But increasingly
– The promise of new technologies and the
demands for their implementation as the driver
• The two roads to Open Access
– The Golden Road – Open Access Journals (&
Hybrid Journals)
– The Green Road – Self-archiving
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Price & Quality
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Price increases
Mergers – Concentration
Bundling – Big deals
No relation between price, quantity &
quality
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Annual Review of Psychology
Publ: ANNUAL REVIEWS
Profit Status: non-profit
Price per article: 7.16
Price per citation: 0.51 IF
12,8
Psychological Bulletin
www.journalprices.com
Publ: AM PSYCHOL ASS
Profit Status: non-profit
Price per article: 11.92
Price per citation: 0.78 IF
7,7
Cognitive Psychology
Publ: Elsevier
Profit Status: profit
Price per article: 35.10
Price per citation: 4.32
IF 3,98
Personnel Review
Publ: EMERALD
Profit Status: profit
Price per article: 360.09
Price per citation: 744.52
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0
New Technologies
• Low barrier technologies:
– Open Archives Initiative – OAI protocol
for metadata harvesting (OAI-PMH)
– Open Source software for setting up
repositories
– Powerfull Search Engines (Google etc.)
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The emerging ”Open Access
Movement”
• Increased attention to the Open
Access issue from
– researchers,
– universities & research centers
– funding bodies & research councils
– governments
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The first steps - advocacy
• Declarations
– Budapest Open Access Initiative
– Bethesda Statement
– Berlin Declaration
– Other more local or regional advocacy
services
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The Berlin Declaration
• ”Our mission of disseminating
knowledge is only half complete if the
information is not made widely and
readily available to society”
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Universities & Research Centers want OA
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Russell Group UK
Scottish Universities
CERN,
Max Planck,
Swiss universities
Italian universities
Swedish Association of Higher Education
European University association
... etc … etc
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Research funders want Open Access
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Howard Hughes Medical Institute US
National Institutes of Health, US
Wellcome Trust, UK
Research Councils UK
Swedish Research Council
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
FNRS - Belgium
Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)
… etc … etc
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The Golden Road
Open Access Journals
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October 2004:
First issue of PLoS Medicine
• The most reliable medical
information on the Internet - the
contents of peer-reviewed medical
journals - is hidden from the public
and most of the world's physicians.
Although most medical journals are
available online, their publishers limit
access to those who choose, and
can afford, to pay for access. This
should not, and need not, be so.
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So the revolutionary idea of anyone being
able to read any article is possible.
This idea—open access—which completely
challenges the old subscription-based
publishing model, is the driving force
behind the launch of PLoS Medicine.
You can download and distribute articles
without restrictions
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Open Access Journals
• BioMedCentral
• Public Library of Science
– PLoS Biology
– PLoS Medicine
• Directory of Open Access Journals
(DOAJ) – http://www.doaj.org/
– +2.275 Open Access journals – peerreview / editorial quality control
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The Impact of Open Access Journals – A
Citation Study from Thomson ISI
• ”We have found that the number of
OA journals identified as Open
Access and covered in ISI databases
are growing rapidly, partly because
new journals are founded and older
journals are changing their access
models, but also because better lists
of such journals are becoming
available”
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The Green Road
Self-archiving in subject based or
institutional repositories
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The Current Situation
• Development & implementation of
reposiroties are spreading rapidly in
– Universities
– University colleges
– Research Centers
– etc.
• But ….
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Still early days!!
• From the beginning: an additional
channel for dissemination of
publications
– To get more visibility
– To get higher impact
• Often initiated by committed
researchers & librarians
• To some extent still to be labelled as
experiments
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SHERPA/RoMEO –
publisher policies
• Continuing project & under
development:
– Publisher Copyright Policies & SelfArchiving – the SHERPA/ROMEO-list
• www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php
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Open Access Infrastructure
• Three components:
– Directory of Open Access Journals
(DOAJ)
– Directory of Open Access
Repositories (OpenDOAR)
– Publisher Copyright Policies &
Self-Archiving – the
SHERPA/ROMEO-list
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So: Open Access is
• Free access for everyone in the public
domain
• Rights to read, download, copy, distribute,
print, search and link to full text
• Author keeps control over the integrity of
the article
• Author has the right to be identified and
cited correctly
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Open access is…
• Removing barriers to access
– Free availability
– Unrestricted use
• Compatible with
– Authors copyright
– Peer review
– Preservation
– Prestige
– Career advancement
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Impact of Open Access
• June 2004, 239 OA-journals in ISI –
numbers growing ever since
• 14 titles among top 10% within category
• Significantly higher ranking for OAjournals in Immediacy Index
• Significant increase in citations – 45-95% to OA-articles, compared to articles in
same (non- OA) journals
• PLoS Biology : first impact factor 13,9.
Among most cited journals in life
sciences, before reaching two years!
• Growing impact as well for BMC-titles
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Intellectual Property Rights Issues
• The roles of authors, institutions &
publishers
– In the print environment
– In the e-environment
• A delicate balance
• What will happen
• The roles of the science editors?
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IPR in the print environment
• For authors: - not really an issue
• For institutions (universities,
research institutions, libraries etc.): to some extent an issue
• For publishers: - an important issue
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IPR in the e-environment (& the
modern competitive environment) I
• Authors: increasingly an issue
– more and more authors are aware of additional means of
reaching readers and receive citations and more impact
– authors experience new constraints in using their work
• Institutions: an increasingly important issue
– universities/research institutions wants to take
advantage of new possibilities to control and use their
intellectual output for publishing and dissemination
purposes
• Libraries: an increasingly important issue
– in license agreements new constraints are imposed by
publishers
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§ 2 Author´s right to use the Article
Copyright remains with the Author. This will be
acknowledged by the Publisher in the copyright line.
The Author retains the right to use the Article:
- for research, educational or other purposes of the
Author´s university/institution
- mounted on a server within the Lund University´s
domains (posted to free public servers of preprints
and/or articles in the Author´s subject area)
- in whole or in part, as the basis for further publications or
spoken presentations
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IPR in the e-environment (& the
modern competitive environment) II
• Publishers: an extremely important
issue
– fear of unauthorized dissemination and
use of the content
– introducing new measures to protect
their content
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IPR - a delicate balance??
• The science community: The intrinsic value of
sharing
• Authors: The attractiveness of the new
dissemination possibilities – readers, citations
impact
• Society (universities, research centers,
governments etc.): Wants Open Access
• Publishers:
– are still trying to safeguard their business
– lobbying heavily against sharing & OA
– but are as well experimenting (hybrid journals, OAoptions)
– and (so far) giving in (self-archiving policies)
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What will the future bring
• Increasing attraction of Open Access
• Compromise?
– OA with embargo - 18 months, 12 months, 6
months??
• In the long run: Publishers will have to
stop fighting windmills and find other
means of safeguarding their business
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IPR and Science Editors
• Science editors:
– Is IPR, copyright, Digital Rights
Management and other protection
measures important issues?
– What role(s) will Science Editors play in
this game??
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Current problems in publishing (&
science editing??) I
• Publishers (& editors!?) pushing for
– research that can appeal to massmedia –
”could this make headlines??”
– ”sensation thinking”
– difficult to publish negative results or results
that challenges earler published research in
same journal
– more tight writing – shorter methological
analysis, discussion and conclusions –
”oversimplification”
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Current problems in publishing (&
science editing??) II
• Measuring research quality & impact
(research assessment)
– Peer review (subjective, biased etc.)
– Citation tactics
• Authors generated: self-citation, citing the colleague
next door, bribing possible reviewers
• Publisher generated: pushing for citing same journal
or journals owned by the publisher
– The misuse of the Journal Impact Factor
– Quality of metadata and the basis for research
assessment, rankings, bibliometrics etc.
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The roles of science editors!?
• Traditionally:
– Gatekeeping in regard to the quality of the
published results
• Wanted:
– Gatekeeping other aspects of quality
• quality of citation practice, metadata provision, more
experiments with Open Peer Review, the multiple
author credit problem, additional measures of impact
– Gatekeeping the publisher
• IPR issues, pricing, self-archiving policies
• The business ethics of publishers
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Thank you for your attention
[email protected]
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