Transcript Latin America

Latin America
Regions
of
“Latin
America”
The Caribbean
Central
America
South
America
Cities
Havanna
Port-auMexico City
Prince
Caracas
Panama City
Bogota
Lima
Santiago
Brasilia
Rio De
Janiero
Buenos
Aires
Topography
of
Latin
America
Bodies
of
Water
Gulf of
Mexico
Caribbean
Lake
Sea
Maracaibo
Orinoco R.
Magdalena R.
Amazon R.
Pacific
Ocean
Lake
Titicaca
Sao
Francisco
R.
Parana R.
Uruguay R.
Rio de
La Plata
Atlantic
Ocean
Mountains
and
Peaks
Sierra
Madres
Mts.
Guiana
Highland
s
Andes Mts.
Brazilian
Highlands
Patagonian
Plateau
Orinoco River
Rio Grande
I'm the Rio de la Plata.
I’m actually not a river,
but an estuary… the large
water feature where
fresh water from a river
meets the salt water of
the sea.
The AMAZON!!
The largest river
in the world!!
Rivers in Latin America
Parana
River
Or the Pampas of
Argentina….
where the best
beef cattle in the
world is raised!!
We’re usually found in
grassland ranches…like the
Llanos in Venezuela
Llanos
Latin American
Cowboys are
called Gauchos
Unfortunately, we’re
being cut down and set
aflame to make room
for interior farmland
and construction!!!!
OUCH!!! This is called
“Slash and Burn”
Agriculture
Rainforests:
Costa Rica and Brazil~
“Amazonia” is
Amazonia (in Brazil)
the largest in the
world!
http://www.ran.org/info_center/about_rainforests.html
Mountains in Latin America can be split into
agricultural “zones” as you move higher up the
mountain. This is called “vertical zonation”
Snow
caps
Sierra Madres
Tierra Fria
no
crops, just grazing
Tierra
Templada
ANDES MOUNTAINS: The longest
crops that like temperate
chain and 2nd highest mountains in
land
the world!!
Tierra Caliente
that like hot temperatures
crops
Another look at Vertical Zonation in the Andes Mts.
Ancient Civilizations
• Aztecs, Mayans, Incas
• Advanced Civilizations before their encounter
with the Europeans
Mayans
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Location: Yucatan Peninsula and Guatemala
Complex agricultural society
Built large cities
Rigid class system
Achievements:
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Writing system consisting of hieroglyphics
Complex numbering system with the use of zero
365 day calendar
Architecture: large pyramid temples
Colorful murals
Aztecs
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Location: Mexico
Large military
Practiced human sacrifice
Contributions:
– Accurate calendar
– Set bones and treated cavities
– Built Tenochititlan 200,000 people lived there
– Floating gardens raised corn, squash and beans
Incas
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Location: Andes Mountains
Ruled by Emperor
Strong centralized government
Major Achievements:
– System of roads, bridges, and tunnels through the
Andes Mts.
– Terrace farming
– Quipus: record keeping system
– Surgery, antiseptics
Imperialism In Americas
• Spanish Conquistadors Cortes and Pizzaro
• Reasons for Spanish success
– Technology, horses
– Allies among other Native American Groups
– Diseases brought by Europeans
Social Structure of the Spanish
Colonies (Rigid Class System)
Most Power
Fewest People
Peninsulares
People born in Spain
Creoles
People of European descent born in
the colonies
Mestizos (Native Americans And Europeans)
and
Mulattoes (African and Europeans)
Least Power
Native Americans and People of African Descent
Most People
Encomienda System
• Forced system of labor
• Plantations needed large amounts of labor
• A conquistador was granted land along with
permission to demand labor or tribute from
Native Americans in the area.
Columbia Exchange
• Exchange of goods, diseases and ideas between
the Americas and Europe, Asia, Africa
• From the Americas
– Corn, potatoes, beans, peanuts, pumpkins, tomatoes,
pineapples, coca, quinine, chili pepper, squash
• From Europe Asia and Africa
– Cattle, goat, sheep, chickens, small pox, measles,
typhus, wheat, sugar, banan, rice, grape, horse, pig,
dandelion
1800s Causes of Latin American
Revolutions
1. Enlightenment Ideas  writings of John Locke,
Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau; Thomas Jefferson
and Thomas Paine.
2. Creole discontent at being left out of government
jobs and trade concessions.
3. Inspiration of American and French Revolutions.
4. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting the
Napoleonic Wars.
1. Enlightenment Ideas
1. Laws of nature [NATURAL LAWS]
govern natural science and human
society.
2. Give people rights  life, liberty,
property!
3. Make fair societies based on reason
possible.
4. Challenged the theory of “Divine
Right” monarchy.
Enlightenment
Thinkers
3. Inspiration of American &
French Revolutions
Declaration of the
Rights of Man & of the
Citizen, 1789
Declaration of
Independence, 1776
4. Preoccupation of Spain &
Portugal In Fighting
Napoleonic Wars
Toussaint L’Ouveture
Leads a Revolution
in Haiti
(1804)
Simón Bolivar:
The “Brains”
of the
Revolution
 Creole leader of the revolutions
in Venezuela.
 George Washington of Latin
America
 Spent time in Europe and the
newly-independent United
States.
 Believe in democracy
Simón Bolivar Meets José de
San Martin
Bolivar coming
from the
North.
The “Muscle” of the
Revolution
José de St. Martín and
Bernard O’Higgins cross the
Andes Mountains.
Bolivar’s Accomplishment
1. Brazil Freed from Portugal
 The Portuguese royal family
escaped Napoleon by fleeing to
Brazil.
 Pedro I set up a new, independent
kingdom in 1821 when his father
returned to Portugal.
 Pedro II assumed full power after
Pedro I abdicated his throne.
Instability in Latin America
• Geographic Barriers: hindered unity
• Social Injustice: Power remained in the hands
of the creoles and caudillos. Oligarchy
• Military Rulers: Local Military Strongmen that
challenged and defeated some central
governments. Became dictators
• Power of the Catholic Church
Economic Problems
• Cash Crop Economies:
– Export sugar, cotton, and coffee
– Import expensive finished goods
• Economic Imperialism:
– Foreign Investment in mines, agriculture, and
transportation systems
– Benefitted only the upper classes and foreign
investors
Mexican Revolution
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1910 -1930
Rule by General Porfirio
Brutal dictatorship
Most people were left uneducated , landless and
poor
• Key Figures
– Emiliano Zapata an Indian Leader (south)
– Pancho Villa (north)
– Venustiano Carranza elected President in 1917
approved new constitution; still in effect today
Effects of the Revolution
• Constitution of 1917: land reform, more rights
for workers and women
• Social reforms: education, libraries
• Economic nationalism: nationalized some
industries
• Cultural nationalism:
Revolution that led to the overthrow of General
Fulgencio Batista's regime on January 1, 1959
Led by Fidel and Raul Castro
Was finalized in January of
1959
Castro’s rule began
Fluctuating economy
High unemployment rates
Batista ran a military dictatorship
Overall, citizens became rebellious because of
economy and the direction of Cuba
• Bastista soldiers put on trial for Human Right abuses
– Most of them were killed by firing squad
– Raul Castro executed 70 regime soldiers
• Cuba was official atheist and Bishops were exiled
• initiated Committees for the Defense of the Revolution with
the responsibility of keeping "vigilance against counterrevolutionary activity."
• The country is now Communist
• Now thought of as secular not atheist and does not
ban religion
• Castro’s government was depended on Soviet Aid.
• Once the Cold War Ended so did Soviet aid to Cuba
• still lead by a Raul Castro
• Struggling economy and world relations
Political And Economic Changes in
Latin America
• Social and political factors have led to unrest
• Nations have struggled to establish democracy
and improve their economies
• Drug trafficking has continued to be a major
problem
• The US has often intervened in the politics of
Latin America causing resentment among many
Latin Americans
• Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary
• OAS: Organization of American States
Sources of Unrest
• Argentina
– Juan Peron
– Import substitution, higher wages, labor unions, social
welfare programs
– Oppressive government
– 1976 military government takes over fight dirty war.
As many as 20, 000 to 30,000 people just disappeared
– Mothers of the Plaza de Maya
– 1983 democratic elections
• Guatemala
– US helps overthrow government in 1954
Panama
• Manuel Noriega Took control of Panama
• 1st supported by US
• His brutality and involvement in the drug
trade turned American leaders against him
• 1989 President George Bush sent in US troops
• Noriega was arrested and sent to prison
• Jan 1 2000 the control of the Panama Canal
was turned over to the Panamians
Nicaragua
• 1936 to 1979 the Somoza family governed
Nicaragua.
• Supported by US
• 1979 over thrown by the Sandinistas
• Reform mined nationalists and communism
• Daniel Ortega sets up a socialist government
• 1980s faced armed opposition from the
Contras who were supported by the US
Role of Catholic Church
• 1990s began to support the concerns of the
poor and oppressed
• Active in movements for land reform and
opposed dictatorships.
Modern Trends
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Movement towards democracy
NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement
Poor working conditions
Workers earn less than 2 dollars per day
Lack fossil fuels
Poor infrastructure
Lack of capital
Large international debt
Population explosion