Transcript African Americans in the Progressive Era

African
Americans in the
Progressive Era
• “Easily the most striking thing in the
history of the America Negro since 1876
is the ascendancy of Mr. Booker T.
Washington.” – W.E.B. Du Bois
• No exaggeration.
• At this point in time, Washington yielded
more power than any other AfricanAmerican between Douglass and King.
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Booker T. Washington
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• Born April 5, 1856
– Burroughs farm at the community of Hale’s Ford, VA
• Died November 14, 1915
– In Tuskegee, after collapsing in New York City and being
brought home.
• Booker T. Washington was a slave until he was 9
years old (slave mother, white father).
• Worked in salt furnaces and coal mines in WV for
several years
• Educated at Hampton Institute and Wayland Seminary.
• 1881 became the first leader of Tuskegee Institute.
• 1900 organized the National Negro Business League
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Up From Slavery: An
Autobiography
(1901)
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Booker T. Washington's house at Tuskegee University
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• …the importance of hard work,
savings, home equity, and family,
maintaining that while political and
social equality for blacks was
important, it was not as essential
as uplifting their own communities,
the top priority before going on to
other goals.
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• Gave “The Atlanta Cotton States and International
Exposition Speech”
– September 11, 1895
– Washington began with a call to the blacks, to join the
world of work.
– He believed that African-Americans should “concentrate all
their energies on industrial education, and accumulation of
wealth, and the conciliation of the South.”
• W.E.B. Du Bois gave it the title of "Atlanta Compromise"
• Du Buois believed it was insufficiently committed to the pursuit
of social and political equality for Blacks.
• “Go slow” accommodation.
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• He addressed the inequality between
commercial legality and social
acceptance, proclaiming that "The
opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory
just now is worth infinitely more than the
opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera
house." However, Washington also
endorsed segregation by claiming that
blacks and whites could exist as
separate fingers of a hand.
“Atlanta Address of 1895”
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24:31
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At the bottom of
education, at the bottom
of politics, even at the
bottom of religion, there
must be for our race
economic
independence.
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Tuskegee’s Most Famous…
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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Born February 23, 1868
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Died August 27, 1963
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Great Barrington, MA
Ghana (West Africa)
Education
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Fisk University, B.A. 1888
Harvard University, Ph.D. 1896
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Studied at the University of Berlin
Taught at:
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Wilberforce College (Ohio)
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University of Pennsylvania
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Philadelphia Negro Project
Atlanta University (now Clark Atlanta)
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First African American to earn Ph.D. at Harvard.
Established sociology department
Father of Pan-Africanism
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Of Washington…
• Acknowledged Washington’s
influence but criticized his
preaching “a gospel of work and
money to such an extent as
apparently almost completely to
overshadow the higher aims of
life.”
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• Political and social equality were
a prerequisite for economic
independence.
• The Talented Tenth.
• “The problem of the twentieth
century is the problem of the color
line.”
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The Talented Tenth
(Du Bois, 1903)
• Du Bois envisioned a focused effort to educated a
portion of the United States’ black population—as a way
to lift up the standing of black Americans.
– How then shall the leaders of a struggling people be
trained and the hands of the risen few strengthened? There
can be but one answer: The best and most capable of their
youth must be schooled in the colleges and universities of
the land. We will not quarrel as to just what the university of
the Negro should teach or how it should teach it — I
willingly admit that each soul and each race-soul needs its
own peculiar curriculum. But this is true: A university is a
human invention for the transmission of knowledge and
culture from generation to generation, through the training
of quick minds and pure hearts, and for this work no other
human invention will suffice, not even trade and industrial
schools.
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The Souls of Black Folk
(1903)
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It is much more difficult in theory than actuality to say the
last goodbye to one’s loved ones and friends and to all
the familiar things of this life.
I am going to take a long, deep and endless sleep. This
is not a punishment but a privilege to which I have looked
forward for years.
I have loved my work. I have loved people and my play
but always I have been uplifted by the thought that what
I have done well will live long and justify my life: that
what I have done ill or never finished can now be handed
on to others for endless days to be finished, perhaps
better than I could have done. And that peace will be my
applause.
One thing alone I charge you as you live and believe in
life. Always human beings will live and progress to
greater, broader and fuller life. The only possible death
is to lose belief in the truth simply because the great end
comes slowly; because time is long.
Goodbye.
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The World of Jim Crow
The Niagara
Movement
1905 –
1908
• Civil Rights group.
• Organized by W.E.B. DuBois and William
Monroe Trotter.
• After being denied admittance to hotels in
Buffalo, New York, the group of 29 business
owners, teachers, and clergy who comprised
the initial meeting gathered at Niagara Falls,
from which the group’s name derives.
• Considered the precursor to the NAACP.
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The Birth of the
NAACP
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
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• Founded Feb. 12. 1909
• It is the nation's oldest, largest
and most widely recognized
grassroots–based civil rights
organization.
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The NAACP was formed partly in response to the continuing
horrific practice of lynching and the 1908 race riot in
Springfield, Illinois.
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Appalled at the violence that was committed against blacks,
a group of white liberals issued a call for a meeting to
discuss racial justice.
– Mary White Ovington
• Descendant of abolitionists
– Oswald Garrison Villard
• Descendant of abolitionists
– William English Walling
– Dr. Henry Moscowitz
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Some 60 people, seven of whom were African American
(including W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Mary
Church Terrell), signed the call, which was released on the
centennial of Lincoln's birth.
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The Founders
Mary White Ovington
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Oswald Garrison Villard
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William English Walling
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Dr. Henry Moscowitz
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Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois
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Founding Members
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Arthur and Joel Spingarn
Josephine Ruffin
Mary Talbert
Inez Milholland
Jane Addams
Florence Kelley
Sophonisba Breckinridge
John Haynes Holmes
Mary McLeod Bethune
George Henry White
Charles Edward Russell
John Dewey
William Dean Howells
Lillian Wald
Charles Darrow
Lincoln Steffens
Ray Stannard Baker
Fanny Garrison Villard
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• The NAACP's stated goal was to
secure for all people the rights
guaranteed in the 13th, 14th, and
15th Amendments to the United
States Constitution, which
promised an end to slavery, the
equal protection of the law, and
universal adult male suffrage,
respectively.
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The Magazine…
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Tuscaloosa Chapter President
Deloris Warrick
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Alabama Chapter President
Edward Vaughn
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Current Chairman
Julian Bond
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Marcus Garvey
• “MAN KNOW THYSELF For man
to know himself is for him to feel
that for him there is no human
master. For him Nature is his
servant, and whatsoever he wills in
Nature, that shall be his reward. If
he wills to be a pigmy, a serf or a
slave, that shall he be. If he wills to
be a real man in possession of the
things...”
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• He founded the Universal Negro
Improvement Association (UNIA) in
August 1914 as a means of uniting all
of Africa and its diaspora into "one
grand racial hierarchy."
• Came to the United States in March
1916 after corresponding with Booker
T. Washington
• Purpose was to raise funds for a
school like Tuskegee in Jamacia.
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Garveyism
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The fundamental focus is the complete, total and never ending
redemption of the continent of Africa by people of African ancestry,
at home and abroad.
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It is rooted in one basic idea: "whatsoever things common to man
that man has done, man can do".
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Therefore, Africa can become as glorious and profoundly advanced
in the scientific and technological realm as any, when Africans will it
to be.
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The tenets of Garveyism are:
1. race first
2. self-reliance
3. nationhood
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The ultimate goal of Garveyism is a United States of Africa which
will protect the interests of Black people worldwide.
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A Back to Africa Movement
• Sought to develop Liberia.
• The Liberia Program
– launched in 1920
– abandoned in the mid-1920s after much opposition
from European powers with interests in Liberia.
• Didn’t want to take all blacks back to Africa.
– "We do not want all the Negroes in Africa. Some are
no good here, and naturally will be no good there."
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Its’ Demise
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November 1919.
Some say a witch hunt by the Bureau of Investigation.
The accusation centered on the fact that the corporation had
not yet purchased a ship with the name "Phyllis Wheatley".
Although one was pictured with that name emblazoned on its
bow on one of the company's stock brochures, it had not
actually been purchased by the BSL and still had the name
Orion.
When the trial ended on 23 June 1923, Garvey had been
sentenced to five years in prison.
After numerous attempts at appeal were unsuccessful, he was
taken into custody and began serving his sentence at the
Atlanta Federal Penitentiary on 8 February 1925.
Sentence was eventually commuted by President Coolidge.
Upon release in November 1927, he was deported to Jamaica.
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