Transcript Status of LHC Experiments

50 Years of Evolution at CERN
Preparing the way for collaboration at
the LHC
and in the 21st Century
R.J.Cashmore
Director of Research,CERN
From Cosmic Rays … to CERN
P. Auger, E. Amaldi, L. Kowalski
established in 1954, CERN is the basic
facility for High Energy Physics in
Europe
21-Jul-15
NNSFC Aug 2001
2
The first proposal (Louis De Broglie, 1949)
“...a laboratory or institution where it would be possible
to do scientific work, but somehow beyond the
framework of the different participating states.
…this body could be endowed with more resources than
national laboratories and could, consequently,
undertake tasks…beyond their scope…”
Collaboration could be easier due to the “true nature of
science”...
This kind of cooperation would serve also other disciplines
The European Nuclear Research
Council


Established in 1954, by 12 European countries
From Art. 2 of the Convention:
"The Organization shall provide for collaboration among European
States in nuclear research of a pure scientific and fundamental
character, and in research essentially related thereto.
The Organization shall have no concern with work for military
requirements and the results of its experimental and theoretical
work shall be published…
The Organization shall… confine its activities to… the construction
of one or more international laboratories for research on high
energy particles, including work in the field of cosmic rays;…"
21-Jul-15
NNSFC Aug 2001
4
The twenty Member States of CERN
OBSERVERS:
•UNESCO
•EU
•Israel
•Turkey
SPECIAL OBSERVERS
(for LHC):
•USA
•Japan
•Russia
CERN STRUCTURE
CERN COUNCIL
OBSERVER
STATES
---------------------------------
COMMITTEE
OF COUNCIL
OBSERVER STATES
ASSOCIATED TO
LHC PROJECT
(US, Japan, Russia)
SCIENTIFIC
POLICY
COMMITTEE
FINANCE
COMMITTEE
DIRECTOR-GENERAL
RESEARCH
BOARD
DIRECTORS
DIVISION
LEADERS
MANAGEMENT
BOARD
Institutional aspects

In Council: one country-one vote

Contributions according to GDP

No just-return clause

but:


21-Jul-15
Finance Committee recommends to Council important
financial decisions (Budget…) only with a majority of 70% of
contributions;
specific (alignment) rules help to balance the industrial return
to each country, which is closely monitored.
NNSFC Aug 2001
7
Aerial view
21-Jul-15
NNSFC Aug 2001
8
Accelerator chain of CERN
P-P, very high energy
Cold P-bar
P, high energy
P, low energy
n_TOF
Nuclear physics
The Large Hadron Collider in the LEP Tunnel
Proton- Proton Collider
7 TeV + 7 TeV
Luminosity = 1034cm-2sec-1
The Physics:
•Higgs boson (s)
•Supersymmetric Particles
•Quark-Gluon Plasma
•CP violation in B
From LEP to the LHC
21-Jul-15
NNSFC Aug 2001
11
21-Jul-15
NNSFC Aug 2001
12
The LHC formal framework

1994: Council approves LHC construction with:






Final energy (7 TeV) in year 2008 if no external contribution
Special Host State (FR & CH) contribution
1994- 1996: external support given by US, Japan,
Russia, Canada, India, to speed up LHC
construction and to share accelerator technology
US, Japan and Russia have Observer Status
participate to Comm. of Council for LHC issues;
LHC management discussed in several common
bodies (LHC-Board; LHC-Resource Review
Boards…)
21-Jul-15
NNSFC Aug 2001
13
International Collaboration for LHC construction
Gross NMS contributions
US:
200
M$
Russia: 100
MCHF
Japan: 170
MCHF
Canada: 30
MCHF
India:
25
M$
Cost sharing for LHC (BCHF):
MS, Material:
2.1
MS, Personnel:
1.1 (approx.)
Host States:
0.2
NMS (net):
0.6 (≈15%)
21-Jul-15
4.0
NNSFC Aug 2001
14
LHC Experiments
ATLAS, CMS:
- Higgs boson(s)
- SUSY particles
- …??
ALICE:
Quark Gluon Plasma
LHC-B:
- CP violation in B
LHC Experiments
ATLAS, CMS:
-Cost 940MCHF
-Scientists 3720
-Institutes 301
-Countries ~50
ALICE:
-Cost 118MCHF
-Scientists 1020
-Institutes 80
-Countries 28
LHC-B:
-Cost 75MCHF
-Institutes 47
-Scientists 501
-Countries 13
Au
s
De tria
nm
a
Fr rk
an
ce
G
Ne re
th ec
e
er
la
nd
Sl
ov
s
ac Pol
Re and
pu
bl
Un
i
S
ite
w c
e
d
Ki den
Az
ng
er
d
ba
Ar om
ija
m
n
e
Re nia
pu
bl
ic
Br
Ch az
in il
a
PR
Is
M rae
l
or
oc
c
Ru o
s
Sl sia
Un ov
ite en
i
d
St a
at
es
ATLAS Collaboration Composition
300
250
200

150
100
50
0
21-Jul-15
NNSFC Aug 2001
17
The Size of
Experiments
21-Jul-15
NNSFC Aug 2001
18
CMS Magnet Yoke
21-Jul-15
NNSFC Aug 2001
19
Supports of endcap disks built
in China
All support carts,
built in Hudong
Heavy machinery,
Shangai, delivered
at CERN Point5
LHC commissioning schedule
2007
2006
2005
2004
01/08
Jan-04 Apr-04
Jul-04
Octant
test
01/04
to
31/08
21-Jul-15
Oct-04
Jan-05 Apr-05
Last dipole
delivered
31/03
Jul-05
Oct-05
Jan-06 Apr-06
Oct-06
Jan-07 Apr-07
Physics
run
7 months
L>2x10 33
Ring closed
and cold
31/12
First
beam
01/02
Jul-06
28/02
Jul-07
Oct-07
Pb-Pb run
6 weeks
Shutdown
3 months
Pilot run
01/04 to 30/04
NNSFC Aug 2001
21
The LHC Computing Challenge

New Levels of Data Acquisition

New Levels Of Event Complexity

Enormous Quantities of Data

Access Worldwide
21-Jul-15
NNSFC Aug 2001
22
Tier 0 at CERN
Estimated CPU Capacity required at CERN
Moore’s law –
4,000
some measure of
the capacity
technology
advances provide
for a constant
number of
processors or
investment
LHC
3,000
2,000
Other
experiments
Jan 2000:
3.5K SI95
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
0
1998
1,000
[email protected]
K SI95
5,000
CERN's Network in the World
267 institutes in Europe, 4603 users
208 institutes elsewhere, 1632 users
some points = several institutes
21-Jul-15
NNSFC Aug 2001
24
Five Emerging Models of Networked
Computing From
The Grid

Distributed Computing


High-Throughput
Computing


|| dynamic resources
Data-Intensive Computing


|| asynchronous processing
On-Demand Computing


|| synchronous processing
|| databases
Collaborative Computing

|| scientists
21-Jul-15
NNSFC Aug 2001
25
Next step beyond the Web is the Grid


To share
computing
resources including
processing
power, data
and
information
CERN and
EIROforum
active here
Intelligent
Interface
Cluster Operating
System
System Users
Supercomputing,
High Throughput
Computing
Networking
(from Dr. John Taylor) Mass
Middleware
Storage
 DataGrid, hopefully also CrossGrid (heavy CERN candidate country
representation) and DataTAG
 Plus strong national efforts in several countries - USA has Globus,
GriPhyN and PPDG, UK has GridPP and major e-Science efforts. Also
F, I, NL, ….
Access to CERN






It may be tempting to make “ access to large facilities ”
dependent on “membership”, but particle physicists has been
able to follow a different approach
Experiments running on our facilities tend to be based on very
large (50-2000 person) collaborations
This allows people from economically weaker countries to join
with those from stronger regions
So we tend not to look at the passport of the people making
proposals
But (in general) we expect people who have not funded the lab
infrastructure to contribute more than their “fair share” to the
cost of the experiment
But the contribution can take many forms, such as assembly
effort, software, … Look for the “win-win”.
21-Jul-15
NNSFC Aug 2001
27
Some examples
CMS feet from Pakistan
The LHC dipole n. 360
from Novosibirsk
LHC corrector
magnet from India
Distribution of CERN users, May 1, 2001
92
41
34
Age Distribution
of CERN Users (May, 2001)
Age Distribution of CERN Users
1000
900
800
700
600
500
All Countrie s
400
300
200
100
0
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Age
55
60
65
70
75
80
M ay 2001
Success in Particle Physics Collaboration
Some Important Features
The Scientific Goals are of the highest
importance
 The Research requires technological
advances ….. of value to all
 The foundations lie in a network of
competent institutes worldwide
 The facilities are open to everyone but the
results must be published

21-Jul-15
NNSFC Aug 2001
31
Summary
Coming together is a beginning
 Keeping together is progress
 Working together is success


CERN demonstrates successful
international collaboration is possible

We intend to keep it that way
21-Jul-15
NNSFC Aug 2001
32