Transcript THE CHANGING FACE OF EDUCATION

SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
THE CHANGING FACE OF EDUCATION
School-Based Professional Studies
Programme
Spring Term
History
• There were schools prior to the 19th century, but not many and
mostly run by the church, with an emphasis on religious education
• Education had to be paid for in many cases, meaning that poor
children could not benefit
• The 19th century saw more secular state-funded schools
• In 1870, the Elementary Education Act made attendance at school
compulsory between the ages of 5 and 10
• The Education Act of 1902 established Local Education Authorities
to oversee schools (apart from independent schools)
• Extension of compulsory education to 14 year, and later 15 and 16
led to secondary schools
• National pay scales and conditions of service
Types of schools through history
STATE-FUNDED SCHOOLS
• Primary
• Secondary: grammar (selective at age 11, by the 11+
exam) and Secondary Modern for those who weren’t
selected
• From 1965, comprehensive schools – non-selective,
though selective system still remained in some areas
• Also in some areas, a three-tier system of First (5 –
8), Middle (9 – 13) and Upper (14 – 18)
Types of schools through history
INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS
• Fee-paying private schools, governed by an elected
board of governors and independent of many of the
regulations and conditions that apply to state funded
schools
• Some of the older, more expensive and more exclusive
schools catering for the 13–18 age-range in England
and Wales are known, a bit confusingly, as Public
schools
• There are around 2,500 independent schools in the UK,
which educate around 615,000 children, being some 7
per cent of all British children and 18 per cent of pupils
over the age of 16
The Role of the Local Authority
• From 1902 – 2010, most schools were in a
Local [Education] Authority
• The LA has/had responsibility for funding,
managing admissions, employment and
dismissal of school staff, educational
achievement and teacher professional
development, and co-management of school
premises
EDUCATION POLICY 1980s and
1990s
•
•
•
•
Education Act 1988:
 some element of parental choice
 Local Management of Schools (financial
autonomy)
 the National Curriculum
 Grant-maintained schools not under LA control
1991 – SATs introduced for KS1, and in 1995 for KS2.
1992 – League tables introduced for secondary
schools; 1997 for primary schools
1992 - Ofsted established
EDUCATION POLICY 1997 - 2010
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Literacy and Numeracy strategies
Max class size for KS1 (30)
Beacon Schools
Advanced Skills Teachers
Education Action Zones
Education Maintenance Allowance for FE
Every Child Matters
………… and lots more
EDUCATION POLICY 2010 onwards
• Increased numbers of schools opting out of - or
being required to leave - Local Authority control
and become academies
• Free schools
• Increasing autonomy for schools over curriculum
and pay and conditions – academies and free
schools do not have to employ qualified teachers
and may vary from national pay scales, holidays
etc.
EDUCATION POLICY 2010 onwards
continued
• Performance-related pay
• Devolved funding
• Free school meals for all Foundation
Stage and KS1 pupils
• New National Curriculum from Sept
2014
• English Baccalaureate
Types of School Organisations - current
FEDERATIONS
• Often several small primaries, but
sometimes a combination of primary and
secondary schools
• A variety of arrangements including:


All schools have own Head teacher, but
share a governing body
One Head teacher for the federation, with
heads of Teaching and Learning in each
school
Types of School Organisations - current
ACADEMIES AND ACADEMY CHAINS
• First academies were Ofsted ‘Outstanding’ schools
• Later extended to underperforming schools
• Outside LA system so receive funding which
would have gone to LA to provide services, such
as financial management, HR, legal advice
• BUT have to buy back or buy in those services
either from LA or elsewhere
• Some ‘stand alone’ academies, but many belong
to an sponsored academy chain: sponsors can
include high-performing schools, universities, FE
colleges or businesses
Types of School Organisations - current
FREE SCHOOLS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
State funded, receiving funding directly from DfE and have
priority for funds over other new schools
Non-profit-making
Set up by parents, teachers and academy chains in response to
what local people say they need
Can set their own pay and conditions for staff
Can employ teachers without qualified teacher status
Can determine their own admissions arrangements
Can decide upon their own curriculum
Can set the length of terms and school days
Operate independently of the local authority
In April 2014, there were 174 Free Schools
Types of School Organisations - current
CO-OPERATIVE TRUSTS
• Maintained school(s) supported by a charitable
foundation (often called the trust)
• Generally adopt co-operative model involving:


adopting co-operative values and principles
ensuring that the key stakeholders such as parents,
staff, learners and members of the local community
have a guaranteed 'say' in the affairs of the
organisation.
Types of School Organisations - current
TEACHING SCHOOLS
• Schools which meet certain requirements (e.g. Ofsted
Outstanding, track record in school-to-school support etc.)
can apply to become a Teaching School
• They are known as the Lead School (and there are joint
lead schools arrangements as well) and encourage other
schools to be part of the Teaching School Alliance
• The Teaching School Alliance's remit includes ITE, CPD,
succession planning and leadership training, school-toschool support, recruiting and deploying specialist leaders
in education (SLEs) and research and development
• They are supported by the National College for Teaching
and Leadership (NCTL) and have a newly formed Teaching
School Council (2014)
ACCOUNTABILITY AND OFSTED
• Before 1992, inspections were carried out by
inspectors based in Local Education Authorities
who reported to the Secretary of State for
Education
• Ofsted was established to overcome regional
variations in judgements
• Inspection reports were published for anyone to
read under the accountability agenda
• Later extended to cover day care and childminding
SCHOOL GOVERNANCE 1
• School Governing Bodies (GBs) are made up of
Head teachers, representatives of teaching
and support staff, parents and co-opted
members of the community
• GB members are volunteers, i.e. unpaid
• GBs typically meet twice a term and many also
have a committee system with committees
(e.g. Finance, Personnel, Buildings) meeting
once or twice a term
SCHOOL GOVERNANCE 2
• They are responsible for making strategic
decisions about the school, including:
o setting policies and targets
o setting and monitoring the budget
o deciding staffing, including recruitment and,
if necessary, redundancy,
o managing the maintenance of the site and
buildings