Transcript Document

Mk. Pengelolaan SDALH
TANAH, PERTANIAN
&
PANGAN MASA DEPAN
diabstraksikan: smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2012/13
SUMBERDAYA ALAM
DAN
KEMANUSIAAN
LAHAN PERTANIAN
Agriculture can be defined as the systematic and
controlled use of living organisms and the environment to
improve the human condition.
'Agricultural land' is the land base upon which agriculture
is practiced.
Typically occurring on farms, agricultural activities are
undertaken upon agricultural land to produce agricultural
products.
Although agricultural land is primarily required for the
production of food for human and animal consumption,
agricultural activities also include the growing of plants
for fibre and fuels (including wood), and for other
organically derived products (pharmaceuticals, etc).
Sumber: Diunduh dari:
http://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alr/what_is_ag_land.htm……………….. 21/12/2012
UPAYA MENUJU KE BERLANJUTAN
PEMUPUKAN
ORGANIK
o oSINTETIK
oo
BERIMBANG
EROSI:
DICEGAH
SISTEM POLA
TANAM:
DIVERSIFIKASI, SISA
PANEN KEMBALI
PEMBAKARAN
SISA: DILARANG
PENGOLAHAN
TANAH:
MINIMUM/TANPA
SUMBERDAYA ALAM
1. Agriculture – Food products, Coca,
Drugs
2. Minerals – Diamonds, oil, Copper,
Sand/Gravels etc.
3. Forests – Timber, Herbs, Animals,
Parks etc
4. Water resources – Hydropower,
Drinking and irrigation water,
Lakes etc.
5. Nature Tourism
SUMBERDAYA ALAM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Over the Land
Agricultural – main products, cash products, Livestock,
Herbs, Timber
Under the Land
Minerals, oil, Underground water, Stone
On the surface
Irrigation, Hydropower, River, Sand, river gravel, Snow
mountain, National parks and animals
Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel
Kennesaw State University USA
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land
or soil.
It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops,
maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed
soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall.
Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop
production, which include protecting plants against frost,
suppressing weed growing in grain fields and helping in
preventing soil consolidation.
In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is
referred to as rain-fed or dryland farming. Irrigation
systems are also used for dust suppression, disposal of
sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together
with drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of
surface and sub-surface water from a given area.
Sumber: diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation ……………… 23/12/2012
HUMAN SECURITY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Policy shift
1994-UNDP definition of Human Security
Economic security-Assured basic income
Food Security-Physical and economic access to food as well as
adequate purchasing power
Health Security-Minimum protection from diseases and
unhealthy lifestyles.
Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel
Kennesaw State University USA
Food security is commonly defined as sustained access for all
individuals to an adequate and safe supply of food for an active,
healthy and productive life.
Sumber: diunduh dari: http://www.africanwater.org/ecosan_food.htm .....23/12/2012
HUMAN SECURITY
1.
2.
3.
4.
Environmental security-Clean water, Air pollution, Global
warming, Greenhouse gases, etc.
Personal security-Protect from physical violence, Domestic
abuse, Crime.
Community security-Protect from loss of traditional
relationships, ethnic and cultural value.
Political security-Human rights, Freedom of speech, etc
Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel
Kennesaw State University USA
Environmental Security
There are three hierarchical levels at which the food insecurity paradigm can be
considered to be acting so as to generate environmental insecurity, which then
generates additional food insecurity. At the top is the state; the midlevel is the
village or community; and at the bottom are households, the level at which the
actors usually have greatest influence on the environment.
Sumber: diunduh dari: http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/envsec.html ..... 23/12/2012
MINAT ttg KETAHANAN
•
Who own the natural resources
•
How to distribute and redistribute the fruit of natural resources
•
Who is responsible for security of Natural resource centers,
Transmission lines and Transportation
•
Need for new security force other than national army to protect?
Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel
Kennesaw State University USA
Special feature on land tenure: securing land for the future
Land is vital for farmers and the communities in which they live. Not only does it
provide them with economic means to create their livelihood, but it is their most
important social and cultural asset. A farmer without land has nothing.
A farmer with land has a respected place in the community and society at large.
However, owning land or having secure access to it are not always readily achieved.
This is particularly true in many poor countries, where legal and cultural restrictions on
land rights present a strong obstacle for rural people, particularly the poorest and most
vulnerable among them. In many cases, women are not even entitled to land.
Sumber: diunduh dari: http://www.ifad.org/newsletter/pf/3.htm ..... 23/12/2012
MINAT ttg KETAHANAN
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Natural resource potential can be utilized?
Need Security (protection)
Need Investment
Need Market
Need technology
Need Manpower – Upward Migration
Upward Migration creates a new sets of conflict
Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel
Kennesaw State University USA
The Relationships among Sustainable Development, Sustainable Land
Management, Sustainable Agriculture, and Sustainable Soil
Management. (Redrawn from Dumanski 1997)
Sumber: diunduh dari:
http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=1
…..23/12/2012
PERTANIAN SAAT INI
We have converted 38% of Earth’s surface for agriculture, the
practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock
for human use and consumption.
Croplands (for growing plant crops) and rangelands (for
grazing animal livestock) depend on healthy soil.
Agricultural Capability Classes
Class 1
Class 1 land is capable of producing the very widest range of crops. Soil and
climate conditions are optimum, resulting in easy management.
Class 2
Class 2 land is capable of producing a wide range of crops. Minor
restrictions of soil or climate may reduce capability but pose no major
difficulties in management.
Class 3
Class 3 land is capable of producing a fairly wide range of crops under good
management practices. Soil and/or climate limitations are somewhat
restrictive.
Class 4
Class 4 land is capable of a restricted range of crops. Soil and climate
conditions require special management considerations.
Class 5
Class 5 land is capable of production of cultivated perennial forage crops and
specially adapted crops. Soil and/or climate conditions severely limit
capability.
Class 6
Class 6 land is important in its natural state as grazing land. These lands
cannot be cultivated due to soil and/or climate limitations.
Class 7
Class 7 land has no capability for soil bound agriculture.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Natural Capital
Croplands
Croplands
Ecological
Services
Ecological Services
•Help maintain water flow and
soil infiltration
• Help
maintain water
flow and soil infiltration
Economic
Services
Economic Services
•Food crops
• Food crops
• Fiber crops
partialerosion
erosion protection
• •Provide
Provide partial
•Fiber crops
protection
• Crop genetic
resources
buildsoil
soilorganic
organic matter
• •Can
Can build
matter
• Jobs
•Crop genetic
resources
atmospheric carbon
• •Store
Store atmospheric
carbon
wildlifehabitat
habitat for some
• •Provide
Provide wildlife
species
for
some species
•Jobs
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
TANAH:
SUATU SISTEM
Parent material, such as bedrock, is weathered to begin
process of soil formation.
Parent material = material geologis dasar di suatu lokasi
Bedrock = masa batuan padat yang kontinyu penyusun
kerak bumi
Weathering = proses yang menghancurkan batuan
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Typical layers found in a soil
profile. (Source: Physical
Geography.net)
Most soils have a distinct
profile or sequence of
horizontal layers. Generally,
these horizons result from the
processes of chemical
weathering, eluviation,
illuviation, and organic
decomposition. Up to five
layers can be present in a
typical soil: O, A, B, C, and R
horizons
Diunduh dari:
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Soil…… 21/12/2012
"Karakterisik lahan" merupakan atribut
lahan yang dapat diukur atau diestimasi.
Misalnya: Kemiringan, Curah hujan,
Tekstur tanah, Kapasitas air tersedia,
Biomasa vegetasi, dll.
Struktur tanah
Resembles
cookie crumbs
and is usually
less than 0.5 cm
in diameter.
http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/granular.gif
Commonly found
in surface
horizons where
roots have been
growing.
http://soils.usda.gov/technical/manual/image
s/fig3-30_large.jpg
STRUKTUR KUBUS:
Blocky Structure
Irregular blocks that
are usually 1.5 - 5.0 cm
in diameter.
Can be subangular or
angular blocky.
http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/blocky.gif
http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/glenimage
s.nsf/Images/gl167_profile/$File/gl167_profi
le.jpg
Struktur Prismatik
Vertical columns
of soil that might
be a number of cm
long.
Usually found in
lower horizons.
http://soil.gsfc.nasa
.gov/pvg/prismatic.
gif
http://soils.usda.gov/technical/manual/
images/fig3-27_large.jpg
Struktur Pipih
Thin, flat plates of
soil that lie
horizontally.
Usually found in
compacted soil.
http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/pl
aty.gif
http://soils.ag.uidaho.edu/soilorders/i/Arid
_03.jpg
DEGRADASI TANAH
DI DUNIA
Europe’s land is most degraded because of its long history of
intensive agriculture.
But Asia’s and Africa’s soils are fast becoming degraded.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
SEBAB-SEBAB
DEGRADASI TANAH
Most soil degradation is caused by:
• livestock overgrazing
• deforestation
• cropland agriculture.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
KOMPONEN TANAH
Soil is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic
components and living organisms.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
HUMUS
Dark, crumbly mass of undifferentiated material made up of
complex organic compounds
Soils with high humus content hold moisture better and are more
productive for plant life.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Components of soil organic matter and their functions
Soil organic matter consists of a variety of components. These
include, in varying proportions and many intermediate stages, an
active organic fraction including microorganisms (10-40 percent),
and resistant or stable organic matter (40-60 percent), also referred
to as humus.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0100e/a0100e04.htm …… 21/12/2012
PROFIL TANAH
Consists of layers
called horizons.
Simplest:
A = topsoil
B = subsoil
C = parent material
But most have O, A,
E, B, C, and R
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
SOIL PROFILE
O Horizon: Organic or litter
layer
A Horizon: Topsoil. Mostly
inorganic minerals with
some organic material and
humus mixed in. Crucial for
plant growth
E Horizon: Eluviation
horizon; loss of minerals by
leaching, a process whereby
solid materials are dissolved
and transported away
B Horizon: Subsoil. Zone of
accumulation or deposition
of leached minerals and
organic acids from above
C Horizon: Slightly altered
parent material
R Horizon: Bedrock
Diunduh dari:
http://ktcomilloniportfolio.wikispaces.com/file/view/AG
1060a.gif/127711929/AG1060a.gif …… 21/12/2012
Diunduh dari:
www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_
EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt ……
20/12/2012
DESKRIPSI TANAH
Soil can be characterized by color and several other traits:
Texture (percentage sand, silt, clay)
Structure; Porosity
Diunduh dari:
Cation exchange capacity ; pH
www.instruction.greenrive
r.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh0
Parent Material
6Lecture.ppt ……
Infiltration rate
20/12/2012
Nutrient concentrations
Best for plant growth is loam, an even mix of sand, silt and clay.
Diunduh dari: http://elkhorn.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=111 ……
21/12/2012
EROSION &
DEPOSITION
Erosion = removal of material from one
place and its transport elsewhere
by wind or water
Deposition = arrival of eroded material at a
new location
These processes are natural, and can build
up fertile soil.
But where artificially sped up, they are a big
problem for farming.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
EROSION &
DEPOSITION
Sand dunes around Moses Lake are all that are left of the wind
erosion in that area.
The smaller particles, silt and clay were blown eastward toward
the Palouse.
The deposition of the silt and clay particles led to the formation
of the Palouse Hills. The Palouse Hills are a wind/water erosional
surface.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Four types of soil erosion on an exposed slope.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/Techreports/tr32en/content.html…… 21/12/2012
EROSI TANAH
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/t1765e/t1765e05.htm …… 21/12/2012
TIPE EROSI TANAH
Raindrop impact is the major cause of soil particle detachment , which
can result in the particles moving down slope in flowing water (as sheet
erosion) during a rainfall event. Flowing water can also detach soil
particles if the velocity is high enough, usually where water starts to
concentrate (rill and gully erosion ).
If the velocity is reduced sufficiently, particles will settle out. The
velocity at which settling begins is dependent on particle size and
density, as is the time required for the particles to settle out. Large,
dense particles, such as grains of sand, settle first. Fine clays settle out
slowly and only in relatively still water.
Diunduh dari: http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G1509 …… 21/12/2012
Desertification
A loss of more than 10% productivity due
to:
• Erosion
• Soil compaction
• Forest removal
• Overgrazing
• Drought
•
•
•
•
When severe,
there is
Salinization
expansion of
Climate change
desert areas,
or creation of
Depletion of water resources
new ones,
etc.
e.g., the
Middle East,
formerly,
“Fertile
Crescent”.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
DEGRADASI TANAH
Causes
Overgrazing
Deforestation
Erosion
Salinization
Soil
compaction
Consequences
Worsening drought
Famine
Economic losses
Lower living
standards
Environmental
refugees
Natural climate
change
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
KONSERVASI TANAH
Soil conservation is the best way to make sure that we
have the land we need to live on. Erosion is the biggest
enemy of soil and land conservation. Protecting /
conserving soil with grass, plants or mulch is needed.
Always make sure that the soil on your property stays
right where it should be!
Diunduh dari: http://www.keepbanderabeautiful.org/soilconservation.html …… 21/12/2012
MENCEGAH DEGRADASI
TANAH
Several farming strategies to prevent soil degradation:
• Crop rotation; • Contour farming
• Intercropping; • Terracing
• Shelterbelts; • Conservation tillage
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Diunduh dari:
http://www.worldagroforestry.org/units/Library/Books/Book%2032/an%20introduction%20to%20
agroforestry/html/15_effects_of_trees.htm?n=80 …… 21/12/2012
.
ROTASI TANAMAN
Alternating the crop planted (e.g., between corn and
soybeans) can restore nutrients to soil and fight pests
and disease.
DESIGNING THE CROP ROTATION
PATTERN:
1. Based on knowledge from past years or from rainfall data,
determine the onset and the end of the rainy season.
2. Choose short-maturing varieties of both rice and legume
crop to accomodate a three-crop sequence or to avoid
water stress.
3. Estimate the planting and harvesting dates of each crop in
the cropping sequence.
4. If, based on the rainfall occurrence and drainage system,
only a two-crop sequence is possible, there is a flexibility
to choose a longer duration crop variety which has other
desired characteristics.
Diunduh dari: nzdl.org …… 21/12/2012
.
ROTASI TANAMAN
Diunduh dari: nzdl.org …… 21/12/2012
PERTANIAN KONTUR
Planting along contour lines of slopes helps reduce
erosion on hillsides.
The management practices such as contouring, strip planting,
cover cropping, alley cropping,reduced tillage, terracing and
leaving some crop residue on the land help to eliminate or
minimize the loss of soil from water and wind erosion
Diunduh dari:
http://www.bensoninstitute.org/Publication/Lessons/Images/L1/LandPreparation/fp/1306.jpg ……
21/12/2012
TUMPANG-SARI =
Intercropping
Mixing crops such as in strip cropping can provide
nutrients and reduce erosion.
Uganda. Kayunga district. Kiwugu. Intercropping fields of
maize, beans and pineapple plants. © 2004 Didier Ruef
Diunduh dari: http://didierruef.photoshelter.com/image/I0000fvxRkqx3M18 …… 21/12/2012
ALLEY CROPPING
The Concept of Alley Cropping on Sloping Lands
Fast-growing, deep-rooted legume trees such as leucaena (
Leucaena leucocephala) have been planted in double or single
rows in Indonesia and the Philippines by small-scale farmers
on sloping lands to control erosion (Lungren and Nair 1985).
Food crops are then planted in the alleys between the trees.
Periodic pruning is needed to prevent shading of the food crops
by the tree canopy. Once established, the trees facilitate terrace
formation within the alley
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110804181442&type_id=4 ……
21/12/2012
TARASSERING
Cutting stairsteps or terraces is the only way to farm extremely steep
hillsides without causing massive erosion.
Bench terraces are a soil and water conservation measure used on
sloping land with relatively deep soils to retain water and control
erosion. They are normally constructed by cutting and filling to produce
a series of level steps or benches. This allows water to infiltrate slowly
into the soil. Bench terraces are reinforced by retaining banks of soil or
stone on the forward edges. This practice is typical for rice-based
cropping systems.
In China, a modification of bench terraces includes an interval slope
planted with perennials and grasses between individual terraces. This
system is suitable where soil erosion is critical, rainfall is low and labor
and farm manure are not typically available. Shrubs or herbs can also be
grown on the edges of the terraces.
Diunduh dari: http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/ …… 21/12/2012
PENGOLAHAN TANAH
KONSERVASI
No-till and reduced-tillage farming leaves old crop
residue on the ground instead of plowing it into soil.
This covers the soil, keeping it in place.
Here, corn grows up out of a “cover crop.”
Diunduh dari: http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/machines_11.html ……
21/12/2012
PENGOLAHAN TANAH
KONSERVASI
Conservation tillage is not a panacea for all crops everywhere.
It often requires more chemical herbicides (because weeds are
not plowed under).
It often requires more fertilizer (because other plants compete
with crops for nutrients).
But legume cover crops can keep weeds at bay while nourishing
soil, and green manures can be used as organic fertilizers.
The increased soil stratification and size and activity of soil organism
populations under conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage lead to
increased nutrient retention. Figure credit: Ed Zaborski, University of Illinois.
Adapted from House and Parmelee (1985).
Diunduh dari: http://www.extension.org/pages/18636/soil-fertility-in-organic-farming-systems:much-more-than-plant-nutrition …… 21/12/2012
Trade-Offs
Conservation Tillage
Advantages
Reduces erosion
Saves fuel
Disadvantages
Can increase
herbicide use for
some crops
Cuts costs
Holds more soil
water
Reduces soil
compaction
Allows several crops
per season
Does not reduce
crop yields
Reduces CO2
release from soil
Leaves stalks that
can harbor crop
pests and fungal
diseases and
increase pesticide
use
Requires
investment
in expensive
equipment
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012