Transcript Management of Nonpoint Sources

Management of
Nonpoint Sources
Provided to Dr. G. Powell by Dr. D.
Monreau, NCSU for this website
Problems Associated with
Agriculture
Destruction of Riparian Buffers
Agricultural runoff directly into streams
application
uptake
Excess = application
- uptake
export
Runoff of nutrients from row crops
and forage crops
Streambank erosion
Feedlot runoff
Access to streams by cattle
Best Management Practices
for Management of
Erosion and Nutrient Loss
Sources:
* Alberta Agriculture http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/agdex/500/72000003.html
* Chad M. Cook, Wisc. Dept. of Natural Resources, 1999.
* NC Dept of Environment and Natural Resources
Vegetated Buffers
Conservation
Tillage
Bare soils are very
vulnerable to erosion.
A crop residue cover
protects the soil.
Maintain Crop Residue Cover
Proper Use of Land
Wooded areas with poor soils and steep slopes
can be managed as woodlots.
Proper Use of Land
Steeply sloped land
can be used for forage
production.
Reduce Tillage
Use No-Till
or Direct Seeding
Both a disc drill (left) and
an air drill (right)
work well for direct
seeding into sod.
Fallow fields with no residue
cover are very erosion prone.
Conservation fallow
maintains a crop residue
cover to protect the soil.
Grow Forages and
Use Crop Rotations
Forage crops protect
and improve the soil.
Legumes protect the soil and
add nitrogen and organic matter.
Stabilize Drainage Channels
Eroded Gully
Installing erosion control matting
to create a lined channel.
After seeding
the lined channel.
Contouring
Terraces intercept runoff.
Cross-section of
one type of terrace.
Management Agencies and
Programs
Federal
• FIFRA – Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
• USDA - 1985 and 1990 Farm Bills
– Conservation Reserve, Sodbuster,
Swampbuster, Conservation Easement, Wetland
Reserve
• Resource Conservation and Recovery Act - solid
waste
• Clean Water Act - Section 404
Management of Pesticides
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
• All pesticides must be registered with the EPA
• EPA decides whether there are unreasonable adverse effects on the
environment by taking into account economic, social, and
environmental costs and benefits of the pesticide use based on the data
submitted by the manufacturer .
• a certified applicator to be present during the use of a restricted
pesticide - records must be kept.
• Penalties:
– $5,000 civil fine for modification of labeling required by FIFRA or
by failing to comply with recordkeeping, reporting and inspection
requirements.
– Criminal penalties for knowing violations or submission of
fraudulent
NPS Management Agencies in NC
• Div. of Water Quality, DENR for general water quality, urban runoff,
wetlands and groundwater
– Classification of streams
– Water supply watershed protection
– Supplemental classifications of streams (High Quality Waters,
Outstanding Resource Waters, Nutrient Sensitive Waters)
– Urban stormwater
• Soil and Water Conservation Commission
and related county Soil and Water Conservation Districts for agriculture
– Livestock operations
– Ag cost-share program
NPS Management Agencies in NC (cont.)
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•
Sedimentation Commission for construction;
- sedimentation and erosion control plans
Mining Commission for mining;
Division of Environmental Health for onsite
wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal;
Division of Forest Resources for forestry;
- Forest Practice Guidelines
Department of Transportation for transportation;
North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service for
education
Farm by Farm Accounting Model
• Developed by NRCS
• Adapted and implemented by a state if it
choose to do so.
Nitrogen Loss Estimation Worksheet
Inputs
Assignment or Calculation
Soil series
Soil Management Group
(drainage, soil depth, and texture)
Crops and acreage
Realistic yield expectation (RYE)
Nitrogen Use Efficiency by
Crop (see table on next slide)
Current N rate,
source and timing
Partition N between RYE
and Excess
BMPs, acreages affected,
and related efficiency
(values in table)
Export of N to stream
CROP
Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency
Bermuda grass
75
Flue-cured tobacco
50
Burley tobacco
25
Soybeans (nodulated)
Corn
40-55
depending on location and
management practices
Cotton
50
Wheat
40
Sweet potato
40
Cucumber
25
Source: Tar-Pamlico Accounting Method, NC Div. of Water Quality, 2002
Efficiencies of BMP’s
Wisconsin’s Agricultural BMP’s for Reducing Phosphorous
BMP
Conservation Tillage
Contour farming
Contour strip cropping
Barnyard diversions
Roof gutters
Filter strips
Created wetlands
Sediment basins
Grassed waterways
Stream fencing
Animal waste storage
structures
Nutrient management strategies
Phosphorous Sediment
Reduction Reduction
Cost
15-85%
15-90%
similar
30-50%
to sediment
40-75%
9%
potentially
44%
high
62%
74%
15-99%
65-97%
TP > SP
97%
30%
80%
med-high
40%
$9-26/ac/yr4
$4/ac/yr
$5-6/ac/yr
$373/yr
$174/yr
$20-25/ac/yr
$467-2337/ac/yr
low
$447/ac/yr
$0.15/ft/yr
90%
low
potentially high
Source: Chad M. Cook, Wisc. Dept. of Natural Resources, 1999.
$12-117/cow/yr
$4-13/ac/yr
BMP Efficiencies Established for Neuse Agricultural Rule
Best Management Practice
Percent Nitrogen
Reduction
Filter strip
Water Control Structure
40
40
Forested Buffers
50 ft (30 tress + 20 grass)
20 ft trees
30 ft grass
85
75
65
Cover crops
rye and triticale
oats and barley
wheat
15
10
5