Transcript Document

FdSc Sports Coaching &
Performance Management
Module: Coaching Studies
Class: Goal Setting for Athletic Performance
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Coaching Studies 2
Goal Setting for Athletic Performance
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Lesson Aims
Aims
To understand the purpose and role of setting
athletes/teams goals in planning
Objectives
• To be able to describe the different types of goals
• To be able to explain the principles behind goal
setting
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Starter Task
What is a goal?
Spend 2 minutes in pairs/small groups defining
what you believe a goal to be.
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Introduction
Why Set Goals?
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Introduction
• Supports Athletic Enhancement…
• Directs attention
• Mobilises effort
• Stimulates persistence
• Offsets boredom
• Aids in the development of new ideas and
innovation!
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• Supports psychological development…
• Motivation
• Anxiety
• Confidence
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• Improves Coaching Focus…
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Better planning and preparation (periodisation)
Better analysis and evaluation
Better identification of training needs
More frequent reflection
More innovative practice
Closer relationship with the athlete/players
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Does it work?
• Most researched strategy for enhancing
performance…
• 201 studies with over 40,000 participants
demonstrated a 91% success rate Locke & Latham (1990)
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Performance has been found to improve linearly
with increasing goal difficulty until the task
becomes too difficult at which point
performance decreases…
Why?
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• Goal setting can have a negative effect if the
goals are too difficult or vague…
– Psychological impact upon
• Anxiety
• Confidence
• Motivation
• Therefore…
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• Goals must be…
–Specific
–Measureable
–Achievable
–Realistic
–Time Bound
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• Specific goals found to be more effective (Bandura,
1997; Locke & Latham, 1985)
• Bar-Eli et al (1997) found that all groups given
a specific performance goal out-performed
the group given a ‘do your best’ goal
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• Short term goals have been found to be more
effective than long term goals because
evaluation is more frequent
• Tenebaum et al (1999) found that participants
with long term goals of 8 weeks were not
motivated to seek performance goals over 4-6
weeks.
• Those with distal goals progressed more
slowly than those with proximal goals.
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• Long term or distal goals lead athletes
(especially amateur athletes) to believe that
there is more time to work towards the goal…
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Less focus
Less motivation
Less time at training
Less practice
Slower and lower gains
Less likely to achieve…
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Goal Types?
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Outcome Goals
If athletes left to set goals, most will set…
outcome goals
These are usually tied to competition and include :
• Coming first
• Winning a medal
• Reaching a final
• Being selected for a team
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• A sole focus on outcome goals can lead to:
• Unrealistic expectations
• Disappointment
• Anxiety
• Loss of confidence
• Loss of motivation
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Process Goals
• Rather than focussing on the outcome, process goals focus
upon the process of performing a specific technique or
skill
• i.e. focussing on the correct catch phase during a rowing cycle
• Success is based upon self-improvement in a task
• Are more likely to be under the control of the performer
• Cannot be compared with or influenced by another
athletes performance
• Are more appropriate when coaching younger athletes
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Performance Goals
• Performance goals focus on the specifics of a
performance, they are athlete specific (regardless
of performance outcome) and include:
• Personal bests…
• Think of the different components of performance that
you measure when completing an athlete analysis for
example when completing a performance profile or a
notational analysis…
• What are the components that you might have your
athlete set performance goals?
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Principles of goal setting
Know your athletes!!
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• Goals are the framework on which your
(periodised) training plan is constructed
• What are the goals for your annual coaching plan?
• Goal setting is about putting clear manageable
steps in place to help athletes to achieve their
dreams.
• To be effective and give a better chance of
athlete success goals should conform to the
SMART principles.
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• Goals that are not exciting or at least interesting
are unlikely to challenge the athlete to improve.
• Writing goals down and putting them where
they can be seen will help athletes stay focused
as they train.
• Committing goals to paper has been shown to
increase adherence to the goals
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• For elite performers it is usual to build and
record goals around either training or
competition or both.
• Long term goals are normally set in the context
of important events (games/competitions) or
stages in an athletes development.
• Medium and short term goals are often linked
to improving performance
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• For younger athletes improvement against
specific objectives is often rapid, short term
goals are therefore more effective for young
athletes
• Short term goals should:
– Focus on achieving mastery of a skill to:
• Improve confidence
• Improve motivation
• Create a challenge
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Goal setting for
training sessions
• More time is spent training than competing.
• Goal setting is therefore an important tool in
each and every training session.
• This is be a simple process and should link
directly to your coaching session aims &
objectives.
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Task
For an athlete or team you are currently
coaching, think about what their dream goal
might be,
• Think of 3 long term goals that will contribute
to the dream goal
• Think of a medium term goal that will help
achieve a long term goal
• Finally think of some short term or training
goals that will help the athlete/team achieve
the medium term goal.
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Coaching Edge Article
• Read the article on athlete motivation from
Sports Coach UK
• Research from University of Birmingham talks
about :
• Autonomous & Controlled
• Consideration of disengaging from goals
• Getting athlete “buy in”
• Real world examples
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More info…
• Books
Gordon D, (2009), Coaching Science, Learning
Matters Ltd
Navin A, (2011), Sports Coaching: A reference guide
for students, coaches and competitors. Crowood
Press Ltd
Kidman L, & Hanrahan S.J, (2011), The Coaching
Process, A Practical Guide to Becoming an Effective
Sports Coach
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• Journals
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• Websites
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