Transcript Slide 1

I. The Growth of Industry

(pages 383–385)
Since colonial times, New Englanders lived
& worked on farms.
◦ Difficult work

Many Americans were self-sufficient,
working in their homes to make cloth &
most other goods.
I. The Growth of Industry

(pages 383–385)
Mid 1700s-British inventors made machines
to do some of work in cloth making-like
spinning.
◦ Installed machines in mills.
◦ Mills powered by waterpower- rivers

Industrial Revolution was time when people
began working in mills instead of at home.
◦ in U.S. began around 1800
I. The Growth of Industry

(pages 383–385)
Industrial Revolution depended on
◦ New technology (scientific discoveries that simplify
work)

Britain developed new machines for
spinning cotton into yarn & weaving cloth.
◦ As a result, Britain sold cheapest cloth/thread.
◦ (Cloth/thread called textiles)

It was illegal for cotton spinning machines
or their plans to leave Britain.
I. The Growth of Industry
(pages 383–385)
Spinning
Jenny-spins
several
threads at
once
Spinning
wheel- 1
thread at a
time
Water frameheld 100
spindles of
thread
(powered by
water)
Power loomcould
produce
200x more
cloth than
before
I. The Growth of Industry

(pages 383–385)
Britain was very protective over their biz
advantage
◦ Made it illegal for machinery, skilled mechanics or
even plans to leave Britain.
◦ Some enterprising workers left Britain for US, even
though British tried to keep them

Samuel Slater opened cotton mill in RI after
copying British designs.
I. The Growth of Industry

(pages 383–385)
New England possessed many requirements
for industrial growth.
◦ Poor soil/farming hard work- people willing to
leave farming
◦ Many rivers
◦ Close to coal/iron- PA
◦ Many ports- importing of cotton/shipping of goods
I. The Growth of Industry



(pages 383–385)
Industrial growth needs govt. that allows
competition & interferes as little as possible
Capitalism, economic system of US, allows
people to put capital ($) into biz in hopes of
making profit.
Free enterprise is system where people are
free to buy, sell, & produce whatever they
want.
◦ Workers can work wherever they wish, & biz can
compete w/ other biz.
◦ Major elements are: competition, profit, private
property, economic freedom
I. The Growth of Industry


(pages 383–385)
Eli Whitney invented cotton gin, simple
machine that quickly & efficiently removed
seeds from cotton fiber.
He received patent for his invention
◦ (patent gives inventor sole legal right to invention &
its profits for certain period of time.)
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By using cotton gin, one
person could clean as
much as 50 people
working by hand!
Because cotton could be
cleaned faster more
cloth could be produced.
Eventually led to more
slaves
I. The Growth of Industry


(pages 383–385)
Francis Cabot Lowell opened textile mill in
MA
All steps of cloth making performed under
1 roof
◦ Factory system, system of bringing manufacturing
steps together in 1 place to increase efficiency.
◦ Techniques later applied to other products (lumber,
shoes…)
I. The Growth of Industry

(pages 383–385)
“Lowell Girls” & children worked in power
loom factory.
◦
◦
◦
◦
Worked 12 to 14 hours/day-6 days/wk.
Earned $3/wk for 70 hours work
Made less than men
Communities would be built around factories
 Boarding houses
 Strict rules- 10 bedtime, must attend
church on Sunday, no gambling, no
drinking
I. The Growth of Industry


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


(pages 383–385)
Eli Whitney also started use of
interchangeable parts, identical machine
parts that could be quickly put together to
make complete product.
Less skilled worker
Mass production
Cheaper
Made repair easier
Made muskets he sold to govt.
Eli Whitney
I. The Growth of Industry
(pages 383–385)
II. A Changing Economy
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(pages 386–387)
1820s, < 65% of Americans were farmers.
In Northeast, farms tended to be small &
products were sold locally.
In South, cotton production ↑ because of
textile industries in New England & Europe.
(1790-3,000 bales/ 1820 300,000 bales!)
Cotton gin enabled planters to raise even
larger crops.
◦ Larger crops = more slaves
II. A Changing Economy


(pages 386–387)
Western farmers north of OH River
concentrated on raising pork & cash crops
such as corn & wheat.
Southern farmers also expanded west to
plant cotton- more land.
II. A Changing Economy

(pages 386–387)
Small investors financed most new
industries.
◦ Merchants, shopkeepers, farmers
◦ All hoping to make $ on their investment

Low taxes, few govt. regulations &
competition encouraged investors

II. A Changing Economy (pages 386–387)
Cities & towns grew w/ growth of new
industry.
◦ From 1800- 1850 the amount of people choosing
to live in cities more than doubled

New cities began on rivers & streamswaterpower & transportation
◦ Cincinnati, Pittsburgh & Louisville

Old cities (NY, Boston, Baltimore…) became
trade centers.
II. A Changing Economy

(pages 386–387)
Cities looked different from those of today.
◦ Buildings- wood or brick
◦ Streets & sidewalks unpaved
◦ No sewers- waste, dirty water spread diseases
 Cholera
 Yellow fever
◦ Fires
 Wood houses
 Closer together
 Often no organized fire depts.
II. A Changing Economy

(pages 386–387)
Cities have advantages too- outweigh
dangers for some
◦ Variety of jobs
◦ Steady wages
◦ More culture opportunities
 Libraries
 Museums
 Entertainment
 Shops
II. A Changing Economy
(pages 386–387)
I. Moving West

(pages 389–390)
In 1820s Congressman Henry Clay of KY
prepared plan called The American System
◦ Included building canals & roads to link different
regions of country.
◦ Plan had 3 main points:
 Estab. protective tariff to protect US
businesses from foreign competition.
 Estab. national bank to promote single
currency, making trade easier.
 Improvecountry’s transportation
systems, making trade easier & faster for
everyone.
I. Moving West

(pages 389–390)
1st census- official count of population- in
1790 revealed:
◦ almost 4 million people lived in US
◦ most lived east of Appalachian Mtns.
(this changed as more people began moving west).

1820 census
◦ Approx. 10 million people lived in US
◦ 2 million west of Appalachians
(Trip west is difficult)
• Roads were either difficult or non-existent
(muddy, not paved, rocky, narrow…)
• Traveling by land was very slow
• River travel could take a long time; a trip
downstream from Pittsburgh to New
Orleans took 6 wks, but trip back took 17!!
• Going upstream needed paddles, poles &
sometimes ropes along shore pulling boat
I. Moving West

The nation needed good inland roads
◦ Travel
◦ Shipment of goods
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
(pages 389–390)
Turnpikes- private companies would pave
roads w/ gravel & stone, then put up
obstacles that people would have to pay to
have moved so they could continue using
road
Corduroy roads- logs were laid down in
swampy/muddy areas to travel over (bumpy
but you wouldn’t sink)
I. Moving West
(pages 389–390)
Boonsborough
Turnpike
RdMaryland

Covered wooden bridges- stone bridges were
expensive and wooden bridges rotted away
quickly so people came up with covered
bridges to protect from the elements
I. Moving West

(pages 389–390)
Congress approved a National Road to West
in 1806.
◦ OH had asked for road to link it to East

1811 National Road was started-finished
1818
◦ ran from MD to western VA
◦ 1st time govt. $ was set aside by Congress for
national road
◦ Later extended to IL
I. Moving West

(pages 389–390)
River travel was easier/more comfortable
than travel by horse & wagon but
◦ could not provide adequate east-west travel
 Most rivers N/S
◦ was very slow traveling upstream.
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Flat-bottomed boats designed to travel downriver.
Some had no enclosure, while more refined ones
came complete w/ neat bedchambers & fireplaces.
They ranged from 8-20 ft wide & could be 20-100
ft long.
Their advantage was being able to float in shallow
waters.
Pioneers would often break the boat down after
travel to build their homes.
I. Moving West

(pages 389–390)
1807, Robert Fulton developed steamboat
w/ powerful engine.
◦ The Clermont was built to carry cargo & passengers
up Hudson R. from NYC to Albany, NY.
 Trip took 32 hrs instead of 4 days!
◦ Steamboats made transportation of goods cheaper
since it was so much faster
◦ By 1850 more than 700 steamboats
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Steamboats carried passengers & goods
Steamboat was cheap, fast means of
transportation
Henry Shreve designed flat-bottomed
steamboat that would not get stuck in
shallow waters
Steamboat travel could be dangerous; from
1811- 1851 44 steamboats collided, 166
burned & more than 200 exploded
II. Canals
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(pages 392–393)
Water travel still depended on existing
lakes/rivers
◦ NY business & govt officials came up w/ plan to link
NYC w/Great Lakes region:

 build canal (artificial waterway) across NY
linking Albany on Hudson R. to Buffalo
on Lake Erie.
Thousands of laborers, many of them Irish
immigrants, worked on Erie Canal.
Erie Canal
II. Canals


(pages 392–393)
Along canal, workers
built series of locksseparate
compartments where
water levels were
raised or lowered.
Erie Canal opened in
1825 after 2 yrs of
digging.
http://www.epodunk.com/routes/erie-canal/index.html#
II. Canals

(pages 392–393)
Steamboats were not allowed on canal in
early yrs
◦ barges were pulled by 2-horse teams.
◦ Success of canal led to boom in canal building.

By 1850, US had more than 3,600 mi. of
canals.
◦ United country
◦ Created opportunities for new businesses to
supply food, shelter, & other necessities to
workers & travelers.
◦ Towns along canals prospered.
III.Western Settlement

(pages 393–394)
Western migration led to admission of new
states to union.
◦ 1st wave-1791-1803, 4 new states (VT, KY, TN, and
OH) were admitted to US.
◦ 2nd wave-1816-18215 more (IN, IL, MS, AL, & MO)
were admitted.
III.Western Settlement
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

(pages 393–394)
At 1st pioneer families settled along great
rivers, so that they could ship their crops to
market.
After canals they could settle further out
Pioneer homes (homesteads) were often 3sided shacks or log cabins w/ dirt floors & no
windows or doors.
III.Western Settlement

(pages 393–394)
Pioneers gathered for social events.
◦
◦
◦
◦
Men took part in sports
Women met for quilting & sewing parties.
Both men & women participated in cornhusking.
Not glamorous or exciting like city life
 Pioneers moved west for more opportunities for
themselves & family
III.Western Settlement

(pages 393–394)
US was strongly linked w/ transportation
improvements
◦ Goods, food, news all made their way around
country

Congress established home delivery of letters
in 1825
◦ In 1847 Congress created 1st national postage
stamps.
I. Northern Factories
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(pages 396–397)
Btwn 1820-1860, more of nation’s
manufacturing moved from homes to factories.
Not only textile- factory system also used to
manufacture shoes, watches, guns, sewing
machines…
Working conditions in factories worsened as
factory system developed.
◦ Most factory workers avg. 11.4 hrs/day,
◦ On-the-job accidents were common.
◦ No laws existed to protect workers from poor working
conditions.

Dangerous conditions
◦ No safety devices
◦ Little ventilation- in summer really hot
◦ No heating- in winter really cold- many got sick

Poor treatment by employers- oversupply of
workers
◦ Larger- less humane
◦ Lower wages
◦ Injured workers lost job
I. Northern Factories
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
(pages 396–397)
Workers began organizing to improve
working conditions, forming trade unionsorg. of workers w/ same trade, or skill.
In 1830s, skilled workers in NYC staged
series of strikes, refusing to work to put
pressure on employers to give workers higher
wages & limited work hours.
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Strikes were illegal at time & strikers faced fines
or jail time, leaders were sometimes fired
Unions make slow progress
◦ 1840 new law stating work day no longer than 10 hrs.
for gov’t employees- unions asked for same & got it
◦ 1842 MA court found workers had right to strike
◦ Artisans (skilled workers) were more successful than
unskilled workers
I. Northern Factories


(pages 396–397)
Slavery had largely disappeared in North by
1820
Racial prejudice & discrimination remained.
◦ Most communities did not allow free African
Americans to attend public schools.
◦ Most states didn’t allow to vote
◦ Often not hired
◦ Free Af. Americans segregated in public facilities,
such as hospitals & schools.
I. Northern Factories

(pages 396–397)
Despite the discrimination and prejudice
some Af. Americans still managed to thrive:
◦ Henry Boyd owned furniture co. in OH.
◦ Samuel Cornish & John B. Russwurm founded the
Freedom Journal, 1st African American
newspaper.
◦ John B. Russwurm graduated from college
◦ Macon Allen- 1st Af. Am. licensed to practice law
◦ John Jones- ran tailoring business & worked to
stop segregation in public schools & change laws
I. Northern Factories

(pages 396–397)
Women had a hard time in workplace
◦ Employers discriminated against them, paid lower
wages.
◦ Unions excluded women
 Many men believed women should stay
at home- raise wages for men so wives
could stay home
 Men wanted women out of workplace to
make more jobs for men.
I. Northern Factories

(pages 396–397)
Sarah G. Bagley founded the Lowell Female
Labor Reform Organization
◦ (Remember “Lowell Girls”)
◦ Asked state legislature for 10-hr workday
 Women could not vote so didn’t have much influence
w/lawmakers
II. The Rise of Cities


(pages 398–401)
The growth of factories helped Northern
cities grow.
1860- 2 largest cities: NY City pop. 1 mill;
Philadelphia pop. more than 500,000
◦ Former villages became big cities because of
location on rivers (Cincinnati, St. Louis,
Pittsburgh, Louisville)
◦ After 1830 Great Lake cities become centers of
trade (Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee)

Immigration increased btwn 1840-1860.
◦ Factory owners welcomed immigrants- willing to
work for low pay.
II. The Rise of Cities

(pages 398–401)
Largest group of immigrants-Ireland btwn 1846-1860
after potato famine
◦ Black rot destroyed potato crops in 1840s.
◦ Btw 1845-60 1.5 million Irish came to US- esp.
Boston & NY
 lived in neighborhoods together

Irish immigrants had been farmers but took jobs:
◦ in factories
◦ as house servants
◦ performing manual labor
 working on railroads
 digging canals
II. The Rise of Cities

(pages 398–401)
2nd-largest group of immigrants came
from Germany btwn 1820-1860.
◦ In 1848 Germany had failed revolution- many of
revolutionaries had to flee for their lives
◦ Others came for chance at better life
◦ Over 1 million came to US during 1850s
 Many had $ to move here & were
artisans- flourished
 opened their own businesses
 bought farms
 settled mainly in NY, PA, & Midwest
II. The Rise of Cities

(pages 398–401)
Immigrants brought w/them their own:
◦ Languages
◦ Customs
 German Christmas tree decorating
 Clothing
◦ Religions
 Catholic (almost all Irish and ½ German)
◦ Ways of life
 Irish especially lived in neighborhoods- often slums
II. The Rise of Cities

(pages 398–401)
Some Americans feared immigrants were
changing nation for worse.
◦ Blamed immigrants for
 Crime
 Stealing jobs-by working for lower pay
 Bringing disease
◦ People opposed to immigration- nativists.
◦ Wanted America for native-born whites
II. The Rise of Cities

(pages 398–401)
Because many immigrants were Catholic,
nativists formed secret anti-Catholic societies
◦ Also formed new political party- American Party.
◦ Their party became known as “Know-Nothing”
because of their common response
◦ Party- won some elections but died out fairly quick
◦ Wanted to:
 Limit immigration into US
 Raise waiting period to vote from 5 to 21!
 Make it illegal for immigrants to hold office
◦ The party split in 1850s over issue of slavery.
I. The Reforming Spirit


(page 403)
People who led reform movement believed
nation’s ideals of liberty & equality should
extend to all Americans.
Reformers sought to improve society by
forming utopias, communities based on
vision of perfect society.
◦ Some tried to create
◦ Lasted short time
I. The Reforming Spirit

(page 403)
A wave of religious fervor known as 2nd
Great Awakening began in early 1800s
◦ Held revivals, or frontier camp meetings.
 People traveled for miles to hear preachers &
pray, sing, & shout.
◦ Finney was leader of 2nd Great Awakening
 Powerful speaker who inspired many
 Wrote articles giving tips on effective preaching
 Strongly believed in complete reformation
of whole world- starting w/self
I. The Reforming Spirit

(page 403)
Religious leaders preached against alcohol
◦ Reformers blamed alcohol for poverty, crime, &
insanity.
◦ They called for temperance, drinking little or no
alcohol.
◦ Soon states began passing laws to ban manufacture
& sale of alcohol.
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Not only men were abusing alcohol but
women & children as well- sold in candy
stores & barber shops
“Demon rum” could lead to abuse & desertion
of families
Maine & 8 other states passed laws to ban
alcohol
II. Reforming Education
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(page 405)
In early 1800s, many reformers began
pushing for system of public education.
Pre-1820 there were very few schools
In 1820s NY ordered every town to build
school- other northern states followed
School ended in 8th for most- very few
public high schools
II. Reforming Education

(page 405)
Horace Mann, lawyer who became head of
MA Board of Education, was leader in
educational reform.
◦ Better teachers (higher pay)
◦ More gov’t funding to build more schools
◦ Longer school year

MA founded 1st normal school, school for
training high-school graduates to become
teachers.
II. Reforming Education

(page 405)
New colleges were created during age of
reform
◦ Many religious colleges established
 Trinity
 Wesleyan
◦ Most admitted only men.
◦ African Americans & women began to have some
access to higher education.
◦ 1833 Oberlin College of OH was coeducational and
accepted Af. Americans
II. Reforming Education
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
(page 405)
A few northern cities set up separate
schools for black students- had little
funding
Prudence Crandall set up school for
Af.American girls in CT
◦ Public outraged & hostile
◦ Jailed Prudence 3x
◦ Finally destroyed school
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Some Af. Americans did attend private
colleges
Some colleges specifically for Af. Americans
founded
◦ 1854- Ashmun Institute PA- 1st college for Af.
Americans
II. Reforming Education
(page 405)
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Most women received limited education.

When girls did go to school, they often
studied music or needlework
◦ Daughters were kept from school & taught to be
good mothers & wives.
◦ 1837 Mary Lyon opened Mount Holyoke in MA - 1st
permanent women’s college
◦ Math, science & history were considered “boys’
subjects”.
II. Reforming Education

(page 405)
Thomas Gallaudet developed method to
educate people who were hearing impaired.
◦ Opened Hartford School for the Deaf in 1817.
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Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe developed books w/
raised letters that people w/ visual
impairments could read w/ their fingers.
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Ministers called for helping
“outsiders” in society- criminals &
mentally ill
Dorothea visited a prisonshocked to find innocent mentally
ill women there
She was so shocked w/
mistreatment she decided to fight
for rights of insane
She visited every jail, poorhouse &
hospital in MA & got lawmakers to
change policies- she then moved
on to other states & did same

Prisons were fairly new to U.S.
◦ Previously serious offenses had been punished by
death
◦ Less serious offenders received some sort of
physical punishment

Jails housed men, women & children
◦ Poor conditions
◦ Corrupt
◦ 4 out of 5 were debtors not criminals

Eventually jails were not used for debtors &
system became more humane
III.Cultural Trends
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(pages 406–407)
Transcendentalists-writers & thinkers who
stressed relationship btwn humans &
nature.
Believed most important truths in life went
over or “transcended” human reason
◦ Emotions over reason
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Every person had control over his/her life
Many were social reformers
◦ Ralph Waldo Emerson
◦ Henry David Thoreau
◦ Margaret Fuller- voiced her support for women’s
rights in her writing.
A major American poet, philosopher, lecturer
& center of American Transcendental
movement.
 Big fan of nature
 Anti-material wealth
 Each person has “inner light”
(conscience/intuition)
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Essayist, poet & philosopher
Good friend of Emerson
Best-known for his autobiographical story of
year alone in woods, Walden (1854).
Anti growth of cities
His "Civil Disobedience" (1849) influenced
Gandhi & Martin Luther King Jr.
Believed in marching to beat of “different
drummer”
III.Cultural Trends
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(pages 406–407)
Henry David Thoreau- writer
who represented new spirit of reform
in America.
◦ Jailed rather than pay tax
◦ Anti Mexican War
III.Cultural Trends
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(pages 406–407)
Walt Whitman wrote about nature, common
people, & American democracy in his volume
of poetry called Leaves of Grass.
Emily Dickinson, best-remembered woman
poet of era, wrote simple, personal, deeply
emotional poetry.
III.Cultural Trends

(pages 406–407)
Harriet Beecher Stowe (ch. 12) wrote bestselling novel called Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
◦ This work explored injustice of slavery.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote narrative,
or story, poems about American subjects.
◦ America’s favorite poet of day; “Paul Revere’s Ride”,
“Hiawatha”
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Could not vote
Could not hold office
After marriage husband became owner of all
woman’s property
If woman had job- $ belonged to husband
Husbands could legally hit wives!
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Female abolitionists began to realize they
didn’t have rights they wanted African Am. to
have!
Woman active in both abolitionist & women’s
rights movement:
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◦
Sojourner Truth
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Grimke sisters
“That man over there says that
women need to be helped into
carriages, and lifted over ditches, and
to have the best place everywhere.
Nobody helps me any best place. And
ain’t I a woman?…If the first woman
God ever made was strong enough to
turn the world upside down all alone,
these women together ought to be
able to turn it back and get it rightside up again. And now that they are
asking to do it the men better let
them.”
I. Women and Reform

(pages 409–410)
Lucretia Mott – Quaker who lectured for
◦
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◦
◦
Peace
Temperance
Workers’ rights
Abolition
 founded Philadelphia Female
Anti-Slavery Society in 1833
◦ She also helped fugitive slaves
I. Women and Reform

(pages 409–410)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton- very intelligent,
daughter of NY judge
◦ Abolitionist
◦ Active in temperance movement
◦ Women’s rights
 Husband and brother were also active
I. Women and Reform

(pages 409–410)
Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton met at
World Antislavery Convention in London
◦ Ironically not allowed to participate because they
were women

Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped organize 1st
women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls,
NY
I. Women and Reform

(pages 409–410)
Seneca Falls Convention issued Declaration of
Sentiments & Resolutions
◦ Declared that all men & women were equal
◦ Called for end to discrimination against women
◦ Demanded women’s suffrage, right to vote.
Tradition - people believed
woman’s role was in home
taking care of family.
Women - many women felt
new freedoms also meant
new responsibilities.
Laws - many laws limited
& restricted opportunities
open to women.
Religion – Many organized
religions viewed women as
subservient to men.


Amelia Bloomer advocated wearing of
“bloomer costume”
In May of 1851 Amelia Bloomer introduced
Susan B. Anthony to Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
◦ Stanton said, "I liked her
immediately and why I did not
invite her home to dinner with
me I do not know."

Ted Aub sculpted life-sized bronze figures "When Anthony
Met Stanton“. As in real-life, Bloomer & Stanton are wearing
"Bloomer Costume" which bloomer publicized in "The Lily."
Corsets a.k.a. “tightlacers”
 Reformers supported looser
garment- bloomers

I. Women and Reform


(pages 409–410)
1800s women’s rights movement grew
Susan B. Anthony called for:
◦ = pay
◦ College training for girls
◦ Coeducation- teaching boys & girls together.

Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton
led women’s rights movement.
II. Progress by American Women
(pages 411–413)

Industrial Revolution began to change
economic roles of men & women (esp. in
North).
◦ Men took care of work outside home
◦ Women took care of home & family
 Outside world too dangerous
 Woman’s role in home
 Better religious role models
◦ Magazine articles and novels supported view of
women staying at home
II. Progress by American Women
(pages 411–413)

Education reform leaders began to call for
more educational opportunities for women.
◦ Emma Willard estab. Troy Female Seminary in NY
 Taught girls “boys’ subjects”
◦ Mary Lyon estab. Mt Holyoke Female Seminary in
MA
◦ Some male colleges began admitting women
II. Progress by American Women
(pages 411–413)

During 1800s women made some gains in
area of marriage & property laws. Some
states:
◦ Allowed women to own property
◦ To share guardianship of their children jointly
w/their husbands
◦ To divorce their husbands if they abused alcohol.
II. Progress by American Women
(pages 411–413)

Women began entering fields such as
medicine & ministry in 1800s.
◦ Elizabeth Blackwell




attended medical school
graduated 1st in class
earned medical degree & became successful doctor
set up medical school for women
1848 - Seneca Fall Convention
1853 - 1st woman ordained as minister in
Protestant church
1855 - 1st woman on record to keep her name
after marriage
1855 - U. of IA 1st state school to admit women
1869 - 1st woman suffrage law in U.S. passed
1870 - 1st time for women to serve on juries
1870 - 1st state to admit woman to bar (IA)
1872 - 1st women to register to vote in prez.
election
1875 - 1st women’s college founded- Smith’s
1879 - 1st woman allowed to present to Supreme
Court
1917 - 1st woman elected to US congress (MT)
1919- 19th Amend. gives women the vote in US
1924 - 1st woman elected gov. of state (WY)
1932 - 1st woman elected US senator
1971 - 1st battered women’s shelter opened (IL)
1973 - 1st time U.S. military is integrated (womenonly branches are eliminated)
1981 - 1st woman on Supreme Court- Sandra Day


In 1919, there were 48 state in USA.
To get required 3/4th majority for
ratification,
19th
Amendment
needed
approval of at least 36 states.
WI
NY
MI
PA
IL
KS
TX
June 1919
OH
MA
IA
MO
AK
July 1919
MT
NE
August 1919
MN
September 1919
NH
UT
October 1919
ME
CA
November 1919
ND
WI
SD
December 1919
OR
RI
IN
KY
January 1920
ID
NV
NJ
AZ
NM
OK
February 1920
WA
WV
March 1920
TN
August 1920
Did not vote on 19th Amendment
Not States in 1919-20