Transcript War Effects World

Cold War
Democratic Capitalism
vs.
Totalitarian Communism
Yalta Conference
 Feb. 1945
 “Big Three” (Churchill, FDR, Stalin)
Agreement for WWII peace treaty
 Divide Germany into zones of occupation
 Germany to pay USSR reparations
 Eastern European countries would have
free elections – Stalin did not want this but
Churchill & FDR out-voted him
 Stalin agreed to help US in Pacific
Creation of United Nations
June 1945
US, USSR & 48 other nations
international organization
protect countries against aggression
General Assembly – each nation sends 1
representative to cast votes on issues
 Security Council – 11 members – has
real power to investigate issues & settle
disputes
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 5 permanent members – GB/China/France/US/USSR
Potsdam Conference
 Truman finds out about successful
testing of Atomic bomb in NM
 Nuclear warfare ends war in Pacific
 Hiroshima & Nagasaki
 Truman teases Stalin with news of a
secret “new weapon” – hostility
between US & USSR increases
 Different visions of the post-war world
 Nuclear arms race begins
Cold War facts
Lasted from 1945-1991
Leaders: USA vs. USSR
conflict involved the whole world
First battle of Cold War – Europe
USSR set up satellite (puppet) gvts
-Albania
- Poland
-Bulgaria
- Yugoslavia
- Hungary
- Romania
- Czechoslovakia
Soviet “sphere of influence”
 Eastern Europe
 No free elections held
 Dividing line – Germany
 East Germany – USSR
 West Germany – US/GB/France
 “Iron Curtain” by Winston Churchill
 Imaginary wall dividing Eastern Europe (communist)
from Western Europe (capitalist)
 Tired of USSR being invaded from Eastern Europe
 Wanted Soviet communism to influence rest of world
“The Iron Curtain”
Why was the USSR determined
to control Eastern Europe?
 Tired of Russia being invaded through
Eastern Europe
 Stalin wanted a “buffer zone”
 Payback for WWII
 Wanted Soviet influence in world
 Some people embraced communism
 Desperate for essentials of life
 Scared of the far right (fascism)
 Communist gov’ts made promises of better
lifestyles
US policies during Cold War
 Containment
 Truman’s policy of blocking Soviet influence to
prevent spread of communism
 Create alliances to help weak countries fight off
Soviet influence
 Truman Doctrine
 Foreign aid ($$) for countries that rejected
communism
 Controversial – US aid to dictators? US not
financially prepared to bankroll a global crusade
against Communism, US should remain isolationist
 Marshall Plan - $ to Western Europe
Marshall plan
 Rebuild Western Europe after WWII
 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall
 $12.5 billion in US aid to any country that
needed it
 Food, machines, raw materials, etc
 Congress approved the Marshall Plan
immediately after Stalin took control of
Czechoslovakia – USSR was denied aid
 Later, countries following USSR were denied
Marshall plan aid
 Political & economic reasons for aid
Berlin
 West Berlin – democratic
 East Berlin - Soviet
 1948 – Stalin decided to cut off all
trains supplying West Berlin
 President Harry Truman refused to let
the Soviets take control of West
Berlin
Berlin Airlift
 462 days - 5,000 tons per day
 2.5 million tons of supplies – food,
clothing, fuel
 Major aviation & political achievement
 Successful – W. Berlin remained free of
Soviet control
Berlin Wall
 Constructed by
East Germany after
failure to cut off W.
Berlin
Berlin Wall
 A long barrier between W Berlin & E Germany
 Closed the border between East and West
Berlin for a period of 28 years
 Built to stop the drain of labor and economic
output associated with the daily migration of
huge numbers of professionals and skilled
workers from East to West Berlin
 It effectively decreased emigration (escapes "Republikflucht" in German) from 2.5 million
between 1949 and 1962 to 5,000 between
1962 and 1989.
Beginning conflicts of Cold War
 Diplomatic hostility
 Spying, propaganda, secrecy
 Rival Alliance system
 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
 10 Western European nations/US/Canada
 Each nation agreed to help the other nations if any
were attacked by USSR
 Warsaw Pact
 USSR viewed NATO as a threat
 Developed its own alliance – USSR, E Germany,
Poland, Czech, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania
The Nuclear Threat
 US already had atomic weapons
 1949 – Soviets tested their 1st bomb
 1952 - US then developed an even
deadlier atomic bomb – the Hydrogen
bomb
 1953 – USSR develops H-bomb
 1953 – Dwight D Eisenhower elected
US president
“brinkmanship”
 US anti-communism policy – US was willing to
go to “the brink” of war to defend against
spread of communism
 The Nuclear Race
 The Space Race
 Led by Soviets
 1957 Soviets developed a rocket that could travel
long distance
 Intercontinental ballistic missile – ICBM
 Used powerful missile to propel a satellite into space
THINK – PAIR SHARE
 Think about the three US policies in
regard to communism:
 Containment
 Truman Doctrine
 Marshall Plan
 Think about one of the above policies
and share with a partner what you know
Sputnik
 Soviet satellite launched – 1957
 US felt like it had fallen behind the
Communists
 Result - more federal money
spent on education, esp. science,
math, foreign languages
 Jan. 1958 – US launched its 1st
satellite
Launching of Sputnik I
“open skies” Policy
 Pres. Eisenhower declared policy to
allow US & USSR to fly over each
other’s territory to gather info &
prevent surprise nuclear attacks
 USSR rejected policy
 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
authorized secret high-altitude spy
flights over USSR in U-2s
“U-2 incident”
 May 1960 – U-2
plane shot down by
Soviets
 pilot captured –
19 months in
Soviet prison
President Eisenhower 1953
“Every gun that is made, every warship
launched, every rocket fired signifies
in the final sense, a theft from those
who hunger and are not fed, those
who are cold and are not
clothed….The cost of one modern
heavy bomber is this: a modern brick
school in more than 30 cities.”
Give One Get Two
 Think about the following Cold War
incidents & write everything you know
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Containment & Brinkmanship
Marshall Plan
the Space Race
Sputnik I
the U-2 incident
 SHARE with 2 partner what you know about
one of these
The People’s Republic of China
 Mao’s army – guerrilla warfare
 Peasant army – inspired to fight for
land
 Oct 1949 – Mao gained control of
China
 Declared the People’s Republic of China
 Chiang & Nationalists retreated to
island of Taiwan
Chiang and Mao
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 US becomes even more anticommunist after Mao’s victory in
China
 China & USSR sign friendship treaty
in 1950
 Rise in feelings that communism was
trying to “take over the world”
China expands
 Mao sends Red Army to take control
of Mongolia, Tibet
 Mao’s goals:
 Rebuild China into a great nation after
Western imperialism (Opium War) and
Japanese occupation since 1931
 Revamp economy
 Redistribute land to peasants
 Seized land from wealthy landowners –
those who resisted were killed (1+ million)
Collectivization
 Mao forced peasant farmers to join
collective farms
 Industry – nationalized (state
ownership)
 1953 – 5-year plan
 High targets for industrial production
 Successful
 1957 – output of coal, cement, electricity
had doubled; steel quadrupled
Women in Communist China
Gained equality in the
home & workplace – men
expected to do half the
work at home
Free state child care for all
families
Great Leap Forward - 1958
 Larger collective farms
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25,000 people in each
Strictly controlled community – work in shifts
Ate in communal dining halls
Slept in communal dormitories
Children raised in communal nurseries
Owned nothing – no incentive to work
hard since state only profited
Great Leap Forward - FAILS
 Crop failures between 1958-61 –
famine killed 20 million
 Poor planning
 Inefficient factories
 Program was discontinued
in 1961
THINK – PAIR SHARE
 Think about the following
developments in China after WWII
 Collectivization
 Great Leap Forward
 Women in Communist China
 Share with a partner what you know
about one of the above
China & USSR split
 Competition to be world leader in
Communism
 Shared long border - many territorial disputes
 1960 – Soviets halted aid to China
 Mao allowed other leaders to take charge
 farm families allowed to live in separate housing –
sell individual crops grown
 Factory workers could compete for wage increases
& bonuses
Mao’s Cultural Revolution
 Mao disagreed with new economic policies –
undermined social equality among all
Chinese people
 Mao rallied high school and college students
to start a “new revolution” – Cultural
Revolution – change “four olds”
 Old ideology
 Old habits
Old thought
old customs
 Students forced to leave school and join
militias – Red Guards – carry out
“revolution” in the cities & country side
Equality vs. Sameness
 US belief: equal value of all human
beings & equal rights & opportunities
 Cultural Revolution belief: everyone
became “equal” by doing the same
thing, having the same things, etc.
Individual humans do not matter;
instead the good of the community is
most important.
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China & The West pg. 551
 Mao died 1976
 Zhou Enlai – premiere who tried to
calm down the “Cultural Revolution”
 1971 – “ping-pong” diplomacy – Zhou
invited US table tennis team to compete
in China
 1971 – US allowed People’s Republic of
China to join the United Nations
 1972 – President Nixon became 1st
US President to visit China
1980s - Deng Xiaoping
 Survivor of Long March
 Also wanted to reform economy
 “Four Modernizations” – agriculture,
science, defense & technology
 Collective farms were broken up &
individual farmers were allowed to lease
land - % of crop went to gov’t;
remainder was sold for profit
 Small businesses also allowed to
operate
Result of reforms
 Incomes increased
 Chinese began buying consumer
products – TVs, stereos, etc
 Chinese youth bought Levi jeans and
starting listening to Western music
 Hotels opened and foreigners were
invited to vacation in China
Consequences of Reforms
 Communist party officials also profited
from economic reforms
 Gap between rich & poor grew
 Lots of bribery & corruption of govt
leaders
 Chinese students attended college in
Europe or US
 Chinese HS & college students
began to protest the lack of
freedoms in China
Tiananmen Square protests
of 1989
 A series of demonstrations over 2 weeks students, intellectuals and labor activists
 Demonstrators - govt corrupt & repressive
 Urban workers - economic reforms unsuccessful inflation & widespread unemployment
 Large scale protests also occurred in cities
throughout China, such as in Shanghai.
 In Beijing, gov’t cracked down on the
protestors – army tanks moved into the
Square
 2,000 - 3,000 civilians killed
Protesters chanted: “Down with
corruption! Down with dictatorship!
Long live democracy!”
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China Today
 Totalitarian government with some
aspects of Communism, but an
increasingly capitalistic economy
 Citizens do not have basic rights – pro
democracy groups are routinely arrested,
tortured, imprisoned
 Weapons produced and sold to many
developing nations
 Nuclear power – most likely sold nuclear
technology to Pakistan
 2000 – US Congress voted to normalize
trade with China
THINK – PAIR SHARE
GIVE ONE, GET ONE
 Think about the following developments
in China during Cold War
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Great Leap Forward
Collectivization
Split with USSR
Cultural Revolution
 Share with a partner what you know
about one of the above
Korean War
 After WWII, Korea divided into 2 nations
 38th parallel
North Korea – Communist
South Korea – non-communist
1949 – US & USSR troops out of Koreas
USSR thought US would not try to
defend South Korea
 USSR sent $, arms, tanks, etc to North
Korea so they could capture S.K.
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 June 25, 1950 – North Korean troops
crossed 38th parallel – surprise attack
on South Korea
 US policy of CONTAINMENT
 SK asked United Nations for assistance
 UN agreed to send a coalition of troops
under leadership of Douglas MacArthur
 15 nations sent soldiers – most were US
 Sept 1950, MacArthur launched surprise
attack
 By Nov – UN troops pushed North
Koreans up to Yalu River – border
w/China – MacArthur wanted to invade
China – Truman said NO!
 China sent 300,000 troops to help NK
 Chinese troops pushed US troops out of
North Korea & pushed south to capture
capital of SK - Seoul
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End of the Korean War
 2 more years of fighting to drive
Chinese & NK back up to 38th Parallel
 Cease fire agreement – July 1953
 3 years of fighting – 5 million deaths
 Border had not changed significantly
Legacy of Korean War
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54,000 Americans dead
1.4 million Chinese & Korean soldiers
2 million civilians dead
North Korea
 Kim Il Sung – dictator
 Collective farms, heavy
industry
 Kim Jong Il (son) 1994
 Developed nuclear weapons
 Shortages of food & energy
THINK – PAIR SHARE
GIVE ONE, GET ONE
 Think about the Korean War and
share with a partner one of the
following:
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38th parallel
General MacArthur
Yalu River and Chinese intervention
Cease fire agreement
South Korea
 Massive aid from US
 Stable economy
Cuban Revolution
 1952 Former president Batista,
supported by the army, seizes power.
 November - Batista dissolves parliament
and is “elected” constitutional president
without opposition.
 1955 Fidel and Raúl Castro are
introduced to Che Guevara in Mexico
City.
 Nov 1956 – Fidel, Raúl & Che Guevara
set sail for Cuba.
26th of July guerrilla army
1958
 March 13 - U.S. suspends shipments of
arms to Batista's forces.
 A general strike, organized by the 26th
of July movement, is partially observed.
 Batista sends an army of 10,000 to
destroy Castro's 300 armed guerrillas.
 Castro defeated the army & captured a
huge amount of arms.
Fidel Castro & Che Guevara
1959
 Jan. 1 President Batista resigns and
flees the country. Fidel Castro enters
capital - Santiago de Cuba.
 Guevara his army arrive in Havana.
 Jan. 5 Manuel Urrutia named President
of Cuba
 Feb. 16 Castro becomes Premier of
Cuba - declares Cuba Communist
Castro in power
Think – Pair Share - Write
 You are a presidential advisor and
there is now a Communist govt 90
miles off the coast of Florida.
 What steps do you advise the
President of the US to take in regard
to this new threat.
 Give at least 2 ideas for how to deal
with this problem.
Cuban alliance with USSR
 US EXTREMELY unnerved to have a
Communist ally only 90 miles from the tip of
Florida
 U.S. imposed a complete diplomatic and
commercial embargo on Cuba.
 U.S. influence in Latin America was strong
enough to make the embargo very effective
and Cuba was forced to direct virtually all its
trade to the Soviet Union and its allies.
 Numerous assassination attempts by CIA
Bay of Pigs Invasion
 April 1961
 CIA & Cuban exiles invade Cuba and
attempt to overthrow Castro’s govt
 Plan of Eisenhower’s govt; JFK inherits
plan which called for illegal US Air
Force bombing to support the invasion
 Failure – JFK refuses to send US Air
Force
 Castro’s response? Help from USSR
Cuban Missile Crisis
 To protect Cuba from US, USSR sends
intermediate range ballistic missiles
 U-2 spy planes see missiles
 JFK ordered Naval blockade around Cuba threatened the Soviet Union with nuclear war
unless the missiles were withdrawn.
 Soviet naval vessel sailing for Cuba & blockade
 Finally Khrushchev backed down –
compromise w/ JFK missiles out of
Turkey.
Map of the crisis
The missiles on Cuba from U-2
photos; JFK announcing the crisis
to the world
Foreign wars & economy
 1970s, Castro became leading spokesperson
for Third World “anti-imperialist” governments.
 Military assistance to pro-Soviet forces in
Angola, Ethiopia, Yemen and other African and
Middle Eastern countries
 Economy - dependent on sugar exports.
 -Soviets forced to prop up Cuban economy
by buying the entire Cuban sugar crop
 Cuba exchanged sugar for fuel, since it
could not import oil from any other source.
Human Rights in Cuba
 Cuban government has been accused of numerous
human rights abuses, including torture, arbitrary
imprisonment, unfair trials, & extra-judicial
executions.
 No freedom of press, assembly, speech, etc.
 One party system (totalitarian)
 Groups like Amnesty International and Human Rights
Watch have issued reports on Cuban imprisonments.
 The Cuban government denies the International Red
Cross access to its prisons and many human rights
groups including Amnesty International are denied
entry to Cuba.
Other Cold War events
 Soviet Invasion of Hungary
 1956 Hungarian citizens rioted against
Communist gov’t demanding more rights
 Threatened to return to parliamentary
democracy
 Khrushchev sent in Red Army – rounded up
protestors – executed leaders
 Hungarians pleaded with US for help
 Pres. Eisenhower could not send troops
 Hungarian uprising brutally crushed –
return of hard-line communist rule
Communist rebellions in Greece &
Turkey & Czechoslovakia
 1947 Truman Doctrine allowed US to
send $400 million in military aid to
Greece & Turkey to help them defeat
Communist parties
 1968 – Czechoslovakia rebelled
against Communist rule from USSR –
demanded more freedoms – Red
Army sent in to end the protest