Transcript studenti.cgym

Medieval Education - Universities
Describe the situation in the field
of learning and education after the
fall of Rome. What was it like? (1)
* ROMAN TIMES – most noble kids were educated
before the age of 14
* after 476 – most SCHOOLS WERE CLOSED DOWN
* education was directed towards religion
* vast majority of people uneducated (consequences?)
* common language – LATIN (like English today)
* monastic or palace schools
How did the teaching change?
* students at monastic schools often became monks
* worked by writing books and preserving Greek and
Roman texts
* most politicians and rulers ascended to power by
warfare and inheritance rather than education
* most elite fighting troops were educated (reading,
writing and practical skills
peasants remained uneducated because of lack of
finances – TOO EXPENSIVE
Charlemagne (A)
To effectively rule his kingdom, and to successfully convert people
to Christianity, Charlemagne wanted his officials to be able to read
and write. If he sent them a note, giving them some instruction, he
wanted to make sure they could read it.
To accomplish this, he turned his own palace into a center for
learning. Scholars came from all over Europe to teach in the palace
school.
Charlemagne knew how to read, but he did not know how to write.
He attempted to learn, but his hands were too scared from battle to
write legibly. Charlemagne tried to talk other nobles into joining
him in his educational pursuits, but they were quite resistant. It
was not the Frankish way. The Frankish nobles thought reading
and writing was a waste of time. They were warriors.
Charlemagne (B)
Preservation: Charlemagne gave many of his scholars the
job of copying all the old manuscripts into Latin by hand.
This preserved much knowledge. All books in the middle
ages were written by hand. All books were written to
glorify religion. Each page was beautifully designed. Some
pages were "illuminated" with a cover of gold.
These books are known as illuminated manuscripts. The
art of illuminating manuscripts continued for many
hundreds of years.
STUDENT'S BOOKS (2)
* EXTREMELY EXPENSIVE
* TEACHER DICTATED FROM A BOOK AND
THE STUDENTS COPIED THE TEXTS
TAKING NOTES IN THE MIDDLE
AGES (3)
* WRITING TOOLS – BONE OR IVORY STYLUS
* WOODEN TABLETS – COATED WITH WAX
* also PARCHMENT, QUILL PEN, INK
CHARLEMAGNE'S REFORMS (4)
* he ordered all bishops to start school at each
cathedral
* started a palace school for his family and court
* invited Alcuin of York to reorganize the system of
education
* some bishops evidently ignored Charlemagne's
orders
Alcuin of York – medieval scholar
* English scholar, philosopher, poet (740-804)
* bishop of York and then abbot of St. Martin's
monastery in Tours (Frankish Empire)
* he taught the king himself, his sons and relatives
* there were a number of other famous scholars that
gathered around him
What types of schools did exist?
* monastic schools (restricted admission to those
who wanted to work within the church)
* cathedral schools – bishops ordered to support at
least one teacher
* universities – schools of higher education
Universitas – what does it mean? (5)
* the English word „university“ is derived from the
Latin word „universitas“ - which means „guild“
* first universities were corporations of teachers and
students that reminded the structure of a merchant
or craft guilds
How did universities develop? (6,7)
e.g. Paris
* Philip Augustus, French king, granted the cathedral
school in Paris privileged status in 1200AD
* pope acknowledged the importance of such
decision in a papal decree
* the university teachers were given the right to
confer degrees – Bachelor, Master
* students were required to write a „masterpiece“ in
the same way as apprentices were required to
produce a „master“ work
Clash of Reason and Faith ???
* scholasticism is a way of looking at the world and
man's relationship with God
* scholasticism is also a method of teaching and
approaching life's questions
* scholastic philosophers tried to find a way to
reconcile REASON (rozum, logické myšlení) and
FAITH (víra)
Thomas Aquinas – a scholastic (8)
* Italian dominican monk, writer, philosopher
* regarded by the Church as one of the greatest
theologians
* wrote Summa Theologica – it's compilation of
theological teachings of the time (on God's
existence, Creation of Man, Man's Purpose, Christ,
the Sacraments, etc.)
* studied in Naples, Paris, where he later taught
Abélard and Heloise
* find out more information about this famous couple
What is Sorbonne?
* a college – a group of students living together for
protection and convenience of getting food and
lodging
* College of Sorbonne – one of the first colleges of the
University of Paris, founded in 1257 by Robert de
Sorbonne
* often used as a synonym for the Faculty of Theology
Oldest universities in Europe
Bologna - 1088
Paris – 1150
Oxford – 1167
Cambridge – 1209
Salamanca, Padua, Montpellier, Toulouse, Orleans,
etc.
Prague – 1348 (during the reign of Charles IV.)
What did the students study? (9)
* TRIVIUM
* QUADRIVIUM
GRAMMAR
ARITHMETIC
RHETORIC
GEOMETRY
LOGIC (DIALECTICS)
ASTRONOMY
MUSIC
I.E. 7 LIBERAL ARTS, TAUGHT IN LATIN