Transcript PowerPoint 프레젠테이션

Introduction to
International Relations
Nationalism, Civilization, and Conflicts
Jaechun Kim
Nationalism
The difference between “state” and “nation”
revisited..
What is nationalism? Definition?
System of belief or ideology in which the
welfare of the nation is considered paramount.
Collective state of mind in which people
believe their primary duty is to the nation…
Implications of Nationalism for IR:
Upsides and Downsides
Upside: Provides the cohesiveness
necessary for the modern nation state…
bonds that hold modern nation states…
Downside: National self-interest often
excludes the rights of other nations… can be
source of international conflicts...
Nationalism is a relatively recent
phenomenon  French Revolution
Nationalism became a factor in iR in late 19th
century
French revolution and nationalism
French Revolution and “popular sovereignty” tapped
full blown nationalism in Europe…
Louis the 14th – I am the state! (l’etat, c’est moi!)
No, we people are the state…! (Popular Sovereignty)
Owner of the nation  Love for the nation!
In sum, nationalistic sentiment was unleashed by
French Revolution…
After the F R, fervent nationalism started to
spread across the Europe…
competing national claims contributed to the outbreak
of both World Wars…
Nationalism as a “movement”…
National self-determination became a movement
after WWI…
W. Wilson also justified national self-determination
in 14 points…
Nationalism and IR
Seeds for both interstate and intrastate conflicts…
Interstate wars because of competing national claims…
Intrastate wars because of “secessionist” movement…
e.g. Balkan
No finality in the definition and formation of nations!
Culture and Civilization as a Moving
Force in International Relations
What is culture? Definition of culture?
The integrated system of socially acquired
values, beliefs, and rules of conduct which
delimit the range of accepted behaviors in any
given society
Culture distinguishes societies from one
another…
Culture and Nation: How are they different?
Which is a bigger concept?
Culture is not an easy concept to “operationalize”
in research
difficult to use it as an analytic tool
multifaceted concept including wide range of
phenomena; amorphous concept…
Isolating “culture” is difficult!
Definition of civilization
Civilization - culture writ large
The highest cultural grouping of people and the
broadest level of cultural identity that people have
The broadest construction of cultural identity
Eight distinct(?) civilizations (S. Huntington)
Western, Sinic, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin American,
Buddhist, and African
Predominance of Western culture in modern era…
The significance of culture and civilization in the post-Cold
War era (S. Huntington)
The End of History – Francis Fukuyama
The combination of liberal democracy and market-based capitalist
economy – Liberalism – had drawn a finishing line in the history of
political and social development…
Liberalism is the end product of history… no other alternative!
Clash of Civilization – S P Huntington
Ideological struggle may have been over, but
civilizational struggle will be on the rise
Cultural differences had been suppressed during the
Cold War…
Samuel Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations”, Foreign
Affairs, Vol. 72 No 3. 1993, P 186-194.
Huntington in Detail…
Clash of civilization is a part of historic
development
Conflict has been the essence of historical
development…
conflict between feudal lords (before
Westphalian system)
 conflict between the monarchs (early period
of Westphalian system)
 conflict between the nations (WWI and WWII)
 ideological clash (Cold War)
 clash of civilization
“the fundamental source of conflict in this new
world will not be primarily ideological or primarily
economic. The great division among humankind
and dominating source of conflict will be
cultural…The fault lines between civilizations will
be the battle lines of the future” S. P. Huntington
The rise of civilization clash has coincided
with other 4 historical developments.
They are:
the relative decline of the West
The rise of the Asian economy and its
associated cultural affirmation, with China
poised to become the greatest power in
history
a population explosion in the Muslim world,
and the associated resurgence of Islam
the impact of globalization
Globalization and Civilizational Differences
Globalization optimists – similar cultural identity on the
rise…! True?
Despite Globalization, local cultures will
survive…limited appeal of Western civilization
Because of Globalization, people will be exposed to
different cultures and feel alienated…
World is becoming a smaller place, with
civilizational consciousness leading to animosity.
The hegemony of the Western culture is
most contested by Sinic and Islamic
cultures
Sinic or Asian culture vs. Western culture?
Islam culture vs. Western culture?
Sinic-Islamic connection?
While ideological division of Europe has disappeared the cultural division
between Western Christianity and Islam has re-emerged.
“The most prominent form of this co-operation is Confucian-Islamic
connection, that has emerged to challenge Western interests, values and
powers”
China is rapidly increasing its military spending with modernization of its
armed forces. It is purchasing weapons from the former Soviet Union and
is also a major exporter of arms and weapon technology..
“A Confucian-Islamic military connection has thus come into being to
counter military power of the West.”
“In the short term it is clearly in the interests of
the West to promote greater co-operation and
unity within its own civilization particularly
between its European and North American
Components…to limit the expansion of
military strength of Confucian and Islamic
states; to exploit differences and conflicts
among Confucian and Islamic States; to
support other civilizations, groups,
sympathetic to Western values and interests”
- S. P. Huntington
Does the nature of international conflict
in the post-Cold War conform to
Huntington’s thesis?
Fahreed Zakaria on 911 and Islamic
Fundamentalism
Why did 911 take place?
Because something’s wrong with them
(Islam)…
Paul Johnson – Islam is violent..
Others – not really…
Because something’s wrong with us (the US)…
Zakaria finds the answer in the failed
statehood of the middle eastern
countries… Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Syria,
Jordan…
Failed statehood combined with huge
population growth…