Transcript Human Growth & Development

Human Growth & Development
Basic Health Care; HCE100
Overview
1. Life stages
2. Death & dying
3. Human needs
4. Communication
Life Stages
psychosocial development
•
7 stages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
•
Infancy ---------------------- birth to 1 year
Early childhood ---------- 1 to 6
Late childhood ----------- 6 to 12
Adolescence -------------- 12 to 20
Early adulthood --------- 20 to 40
Middle adulthood -------- 40 to 65
Late adulthood ----------- > 65
4 areas of concern within each stage
1.
2.
3.
4.
Physical
Mental
Emotional
Social
Erikson’s 8 stages
of
psychosocial development
•
Difference from the “7” stages:
–
Early childhood -------into--------- toddler
(1-6 yrs)
(1-3 yrs)
&
preschool
(3-6 yrs)
key event
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Infancy ------------------ oral-sensory ------------ feeding
Toddler ------------------ muscular-anal ---------- toilet training
Preschool -------------- locomotor ----------------- independence
School-age ----------- latency --------------------- school
Adolescence ---------------------------------------- peer relationships
Early adulthood -------------------------------------- love relationships
Middle adulthood ------------------------------------- parenting
Late adulthood ------------------------------------- reflection/ acceptance
Infancy
• Physical
– Key reflexes develop
•
•
•
•
Moro
Rooting
Sucking
Grasp
• Mental
– As needs met they become aware of surroundings
• Emotional
– 6-12 months they get all emotions:
» Like, dislike, anger, distress, elation
• Social
– Key = shift from self-centered to recognition of others
Early Childhood
• Physical
– Between 2-4 they learn bowel & bladder control
• Mental
– Rapid growth especially verbal development
• Emotional
– Self-awareness
– Temper tantrums early in this stage since can’t do what they want
to do
– Right & wrong develops late in this stage
• Social
– From self-centered to very social
Late Childhood
• Physical
– Slow but steady
• Mental
– Increases rapidly since school
• Emotional
– Learn to cope & control emotions
• Social
– Become group oriented
– Make friends easier
Adolescence
• Physical
– Puberty
• Mental
– Decision making
– Learns responsibility for own actions
• Emotional
– Turmoil in early adolescence
– Maturity in late adolescence
• Social
– Peer groups
Note: Because of much turmoil in this stage, and feelings of
insecurity & inadequacy may problems can occur--- e.g.
substance abuse, eating disorders, & suicide
Early Adulthood
• Physical
– Most productive physical time
• Mental
– Finishes schooling
– Forming opinions
• Emotional
– Status depends on development to date
– Learns constructive criticism
• Social
– Away from peers & into people with similar likes
Middle Adulthood
• Physical
– Old-age changes begin
• Mental
– Continues to increase
• Emotional
– Can achieve emotional satisfaction/ emotional stress
– Job success
– Financial success
– Children success
– Marital success
• Social
– Varies depending on past (loner vs. groupie)
Late Adulthood
• Physical
– On the decline
• Mental
– Usually OK till 70 -80’s
– First to go = short term memory
• Emotional
– Much emotional adjustment necessary
• Social
– Much social adjustment necessary
Test
Name the life stage associated with the following activities
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•
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•
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Menopause
Puberty
Learn to walk
Most permanent teeth erupt
Develop interest in opposite sex
High rate of chemical abuse
Death of spouse
Suicide
Rapid physical growth
Close association with peer group
Male climacteric
Death & Dying
•
Dr. Elizabeth Kubler- Ross
–
5 stages of grieving
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
• Philosophy is allowing death with dignity
– Hospice care
• Provides palliation (support & comfort)
• “Right to die”
– Uses advance directives to withhold treatments that
might prolong life
Human Needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
• Abraham Maslow is known for
establishing the theory of a
hierarchy of needs, writing that
human beings are motivated by
unsatisfied needs, and that
certain lower needs need to be
satisfied before higher needs can
be satisfied
Physiological Needs
Physiological needs are the very basic needs such as air,
water, food, sleep, sex, etc. When these are not satisfied we
may feel sickness, irritation, pain, discomfort, etc. These
feelings motivate us to alleviate them as soon as possible to
establish homeostasis. Once they are alleviated, we may think
about other things.
Safety Needs
Safety needs have to do with establishing stability and
consistency in a chaotic world. These needs are mostly
psychological in nature. We need the security of a home and family.
However, if a family is dysfunction, i.e., an abusive husband, the wife
cannot move to the next level because she is constantly concerned
for her safety. Love and belongingness have to wait until she is no
longer cringing in fear. Many in our society cry out for law and order
because they do not feel safe enough to go for a walk in their
neighborhood. Many people, particularly those in the inner cities,
unfortunately, are stuck at this level. In addition, safety needs
sometimes motivate people to be religious. Religions comfort us with
the promise of a safe secure place after we die and leave the
insecurity of this world
Love Needs
Love and belongingness are next on the ladder. Humans
have a desire to belong to groups: clubs, work groups,
religious groups, family, gangs, etc. We need to feel loved
(non-sexual) by others, to be accepted by others.
Performers appreciate applause. We need to be needed.
Beer commercials, in addition to playing on sex, also often
show how beer makes for camaraderie. When was the last
time you saw a beer commercial with someone drinking
beer alone?
Esteem Needs
There are two types of esteem needs. First is self-esteem which
results from competence or mastery of a task. Second, there's the
attention and recognition that comes from others. This is
similar to the belongingness level, however, wanting admiration has
to do with the need for power. People who have all of their lower
needs satisfied, often drive very expensive cars because doing so
raises their level of esteem. "Hey, look what I can afford
KEY = feel important & worthwhile
Self-Actualization
The need for self-actualization is "the desire to become more and more what
one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming." People
who have everything can maximize their potential. They can seek
knowledge, peace, esthetic experiences, self-fulfillment, oneness with God,
etc. It is usually middle-class to upper-class students who take up
environmental causes, join the Peace Corps, go off to a monastery, etc.
• To meet these needs:
• First -------- become motivated
– If need met ---------- then satisfaction
– If need not met ----- then tension
• Ways to satisfy human needs
– Direct ways
• deal with getting satisfaction by satisfying the need
– Indirect ways
• deal with decreasing the tension even though you don’t
satisfy the need
• Direct Ways
• Hard work
• Realistic goals
• Situation evaluation
• Cooperation with others
Use as an example the desire to pass this course
• Indirect ways
» Remember that these ways are ones dealing with the fact
that you have not met your needs
» Thus these are “defense mechanisms” to keep you ego
(self) intact
» Key is maintaining self esteem
– Repression
• Transfer anxiety provoking needs into unconscious
– Need to study for a test – one forgets one has a test
• Suppression = transfer to conscious mind, but
table it till a later time
– Regression
• Return of behavior from an earlier stage of
development
• Example is withdrawal
– Rationalization
• Use of self-deceiving justifications for unacceptable
behavior
– Cheat on test because teacher left the room
– Don’t study for test because material too hard in the first place
– Projection
• Project blame on someone or something else
– Failing a course is teacher’s fault
– “jack story”
– No job since unemployment high
• Allows one to not admit their mistakes
– Displacement
• Transfer feelings toward someone to somebody else
– One thinks this somebody else is less threatening
– Redirect anger from boss to wife
– Denial
• Refusal to accept true nature of situation
– “smoker” who won’t quit
– Sublimation
• Turning unmet needs into positive constructive efforts
• Same as compensation
– Student who wants to be MD but ends up as a medical assistant
• Again 7 defense mechanisms
– Repression regression rationalization
– Projection
displacement
denial
– Sublimation
Communication
•
The Communication Cycle
• 5 C’s of communication
» Cohesive = understanding
» Clear = OK language, no interruptions, no distractions
A Good Listener = key to good communication
Nonverbal Communication
• Nonverbal communication called ----- “body language”
• Factors involved in body language:
• Facial expression
• Territoriality (personal space)
» Personal = to 4 feet
» Social = 4 – 12 feet
» Public = 12 – 15 feet
• Posture
» Legs crossed = closed/ opinionated
• Position
» Face to face at same level = good !!
• Gestures & mannerisms
» Pay attention --- listen !!!
• Tone of voice
Barriers to effective communication
• Psychological barriers
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•
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Being prejudice, thus moralizing & preaching
Requesting explanations concerning statements made
Ridiculing & shaming
Shifting subjects – pay attention & listen
Criticizing and arguing
Threatening
• Physical barriers
• Deaf, blind, aphasic, etc
• Cultural diversity