Gastrointestinal System

By Daniel Pinho Andrew Wythe

Mouth

 

Teeth

– Break Food Down – Made up of enamel  Very mineralized substance  protects pulp

Saliva

– – 99.5% water .5% is electrolytes, mucus and enzymes   Amylase – breaks down fat and starches Lysozyme die – causes bacteria to shrivel up and

Throat

  Epiglottis – Stops up the larynx when food is swallowed so that food only goes into the esophagus Esophagus – – Lined with muscle Passes food into stomach in a process called peristalsis www.westga.edu/~lkral/peristalsis

Stomach

  Parts – – – – Cardia – section where contents are emptied into the stomach Fundus – upper curve of the organ Corpus – Central area of the stomach Pylorus – empties food into the duodenum Breaking Down – Acid is created by the secretion of parietal cells which then breaks down food – – Pepsin is a protease enzyme that helps break down food Stomach Muscles mechanically break down food  Borborygmus – stomach growling as a result of “house cleaning,” or muscle contractions to move food into the intestines

Liver

   Bile is a fluid substance made of water, electrolytes, cholesterol, acids, phospholipids, and bilirubin – – Allow digestion and absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins is small intestine Releases waste from body Detoxifies toxins in food Gall Bladder – Holds Bile for future use (Non vital organ)

Pancreas

  Secretes hormones and insulin into small intestine for digestion – Insulin is a hormone that enables cells to absorb sugar Islets of Langerhans produce hormones, while the Pancreatic acini create the digestive enzymes.

Small Intestine

  

Duodenum

The beginning part of the small intestines and extends to the middle of intestine Most of the chemical digestion occurs after food moves through stomach acid Here, food mixes with both bile and digestive enzymes from pancreas breaking down food even further

Small Intestine

   Jejunum Mid section of the intestine Has villi that increase surface area for absorption Sugars are absorbed, while amino acids, peptides and vitamins are transported actively.

Small Intestine

    Ileum Absorbs Bile salts and vitamin B 12 Also does clean up duty for the intestine, by absorbing the nutrients the other sections missed.

Contains protease enzymes and carbohydrase enzymes Lacteals are lymphatic vessels that absorb fatty acids.

Large Intestine

     Broken up into two sections, the cecum and colon Absorbs water from the leftover waste of digestion 700 different species of bacteria Mucus layer protects intestine from attack by bacteria Waste exits through rectum

Appendix

    Scientists debate function Can cause death due to infection and can be removed without any problems Theorize that the appendix houses and produces bacteria for the large intestine Scientists have seen endocrine cells and immune cells in the appendix of 11-week-old fetuses leading them to believe it might be a part of the endocrine or immune systems.

Diseases

Peptic Ulcer

    Sore in the lining of your stomach or duodenum Most common cause is from bacteria called Helicobacter pylori Aspirin and stress usually irritate but do not create peptic ulcers Symptom is usually abdominal pain

Peptic Ulcer Cont.



Complications:

– Gastrointestinal Bleeding: the ulcer has eroded a blood vessel, this can be life threatening – – Perforation: the ulcer has completely eaten through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract  Stomach acid goes into abdominal cavity which cause internal damage Penetration: the ulcer moves into another organ

Peptic Ulcer Treatment

  Antacids and antibiotics usually help cure the ulcer Commonly, two antibiotics are used to fight bacteria such as Clarithromycin, Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, or Metronidazole and a PPI (Proton pump inhibitor) that reduces gastric acid production – Proton pump inhibitors work by irreversibly blocking the hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system created by the parietal cells  If the ulcer is perforated or bleeding, surgery will be required immediately.

New Treatment

 Manuka honey    Comes from New Zealand The antibacterial properties of the honey inhibits the growth of the bacteria helicobacter pylori It is an all natural remedy and can be consumed without worries of overdose or side effects

Crohn's Disease

   The immune system suddenly does not recognize the gastrointestinal tract.

The intestines are attacked, causing them to swell.

This causes abdominal pain and weight fluctuation.

Crohn's Disease Cont.

    

Crohn’s disease can affect other parts of the body. If it is contracted by a child, their growth may be stunted.

Eye swelling may be common causing pain in the eye.

Sores may be present on the shins.

Blood clotting is more likely which can lead to an emolism.

Crohn's Disease

    Crohn’s disease is not curable, however its symptoms are treatable Symptoms can be controlled through medication such as : – – – – – Aminosalicylates- interfere with the body's ability to control inflammation Corticosteroids- a steroid that decreases inflammation and reduces the activity of the immune system Immune modifiers- drugs that target the immune system to reduce inflammation Biologic therapies- medication that is made to specifically target an immune or genetic mediator of disease Antibiotics Inflammation can be controlled through medication Surgery can be used to repair any extreme damage to the intestines from the disease

New Treatment

 Stem Cells – Bone marrow is transplanted into patient created by stem cells – – – – Immune system is reset and does not attack GI system First, all of the leukocytes (white blood cells) are destroyed through treatment Then stem cells in the new marrow that have been created replace the old bone marrow The immune system is been reset

Ulcerative Colitis

   It is an inflammatory bowel disease that is located in the inner lining of the colon and rectum Symptoms include: – bloody diarrhea – Abdominal pain – Rectal bleeding Very similar to that of chron’s disease. However, ulcerative colitis is only found in the large intestine where as chron’s can be located through out the GI tract

Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative Colitis Treatment



Follows many of the same medications given to a patient with Chron’s disease

– – Aminosalicylates Corticosteroids – Immunomodulators- lessen inflammation by affecting immune system 

In more sever cases surgery is required and part of the patient’s colon is removed

New Treatment

     Remicade It is a medication that blocks the effects of TNF (Tumor necrosis factor) – TNF is a cytokine that regulates immunity cells  Cytokines are signaling molecules that allow cellular communication which in TNF’s case is with immunity cells Reduces symptoms of UC Promotes intestinal healing It does not cure UC, only treats it

Cholera

    Caused by a bacteria called Vibrio cholerae This bacteria is usually contracted through means of food and water which have been contaminated with the disease The bacteria produces a toxin that effects the epithelium lining of the small intestines causing severe diarrhea and vomiting If cholera is not treated quickly, the body can rapidly dehydrate within a few hours causing shock then death

Treatment



Cholera is treatable and can be fixed with two methods

– Antibiotics to destroy the bacteria – Rehydrating the body with essential liquids and nutrients with pre-packaged mixtures  Cholera usually progresses to dangerous levels in third world countries compared to more wealthy nations

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