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OC3522 - Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Ocean - Summer 2001 A Brief History of Environmental Satellite Systems (suggested reading Chapter 4 - Kidder & Vonder Haar, Reference Appendix A - List of Meteorological Satellites, and Remote Sensing Tutorial at http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov) Mosaic of photographs from V-2 rocket 1947 First Generation TIROS series - research satellites with: TV cloud imagery scanning IR radiometer low resolution E.R.B. experiments DMSP - Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (classified until 1973) IR; cloud cover information ESSA (TOS) became operational system Nimbus series - NASA research series with: passive radiometric sensors for sounding atmosphere survey land and ocean surfaces 7th operated for about 10 years experiments became operational instruments on several systems (IR/MW sounding, MW imaging, Ocean color, ERB) ATS - geostationary research series first multispectral imagery from geostationary orbit SMS and then GOES became operational system Second Generation Landsat - land (earth resources) research NOAA - series of operational polar orbiters SMS/GOES - operational geostationary Third Generation TIROS-N/NOAA - operational polar orbiters, advanced sounders and imagers GOES - added sounders from geostationary orbit Additional research systems: SAGE ERBE Seasat - active and passive MW for ocean remote sensing (1978) GEOS-3 - altimeter (1975) Landsat - 4/5 and many other Current Generation - too many to list completely GOES - Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Interesting Images Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) OLS - operational line scan Visible (0.4-1.1 mm) Infrared (8-12 mm) Sat: F13 Thu Jan 1 01:04:29 1998 Low-Light capability Special Sensor Microwave/Imager n=19 GHz n=22 GHz n=37 GHz n=85 GHz TIROS-N/NOAA Polar Orbiters 26 Dec 1996 18:24 Z Channel 2 (from JHU/APL) Interesting Images History of Satellites Ocean Sciences http://www.oc.nps.navy.mil/~rtt/history.html Oceanography - early 1900’s invariant ocean SIO founded in 1912; WHO 1930 - post WWII - ocean’s not invarient - 1950’s multiship international surveys begin Repeat Hydrographic surveys - 1960’s/70’s Growth in technology; current meter advancement, drifters - 1970/80s - satellite oceanography SEASAT - 1978 (CZCS; Altimeter; SAR) NIMBUS - CZCS 1978 TIROS - AVHRR (SST) 1978 GEOSAT - US NAVY - 1985 ERS 1/2 - SST/SSH/Winds/Waves - 1991 SSMI - 1992 (ICE) TOPEX/Poseidon - SSH/Winds/Waves 1992 RADARSAT - 1995 SeaWifs - 1997 GFO - US NAVY - SSH/Winds/Waves - 1998 SeaWinds - 1998 Infrared http://coastwatch.nmfs.hawaii.edu/topex/pictures/latest_hawaii.gif http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/applications/images/coral-reef-monitoring.gif Mystery Plankton Bloom in the Bering Sea June 5, 2001 http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEAWIFS.html http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~swifs/oceanscience.htm#Productivity A B C http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/tekrd/radarsat/images/pei/rpei01e.html Objectives: Seasat A was the first satellite designed for sensing of the Earth's oceans with active microwave instruments. Specific objectives were to collect data on sea-surface winds, ocean topography, sea-surface temperatures, wave heights, wave length and direction, atmospheric water, and sea ice features. The mission ended after 116 days due to a failure of the vehicle's electric power system. The mission demonstrated the feasiblity of using microwave sensors to monitor ocean conditions, and laid the groundwork for future ocean missions. http://www.earth.nasa.gov/history/seasat/seasat.html The major difference between Seasat-A and previous Earth observation satellites was the use of active and passive microwave sensors to achieve an all-weather capability. Current and future satellites