Transcript Dia 1 - Connect International

Smart Water treatment Solutions
New Low cost
options for safe
water at the
Point of Use
World Water Forum 6
Marseille 2012
Henk Holtslag
[email protected]
Problems & challenges
0.7 Bln people without a safe water source*
3 Bln do not have safe water from utilities **
1 Volume < 20 l /day/pp
2 Distance > 500 meter
3 Quality - Turbidity,mud, ..
- Microbial, bacteria, viruses,..
- Chemical, arsenic, fluor,..
* 84% in rural areas (UNICEF 2009)
** Failing piped systems, recontamination in transport, at the house
(IFC /world bank report, 2009)
More water?
Harvest rainwater
Aquifer recharge
- Sand, contour dams
- Vegetation, Vertiver
- Tube recharge, $10/500m3
Rooftop harvesting
- Wire cement tanks: $20/m3
- Plastic lined tank
Reduce distance?
Repair existing pumps
- 50% of piston pumps broken
Upgrade hand dug wells
- with a recharge, cover, low cost
hand pump
New water points
- with pumps, low cost drilling
Emas,Rota sludge, Baptist
Jetting, $ 150 – 2000 /syst.
Safe drinking water?
Treat water at Point of Use (PoU)
- Re-contamination between source & use
- 50% hospitalbeds due to unsafe water,..
- Safe water most
cost-effective
action to reduce
poverty
Proposition
To reduce water borne diseases it
is more cost- effective to treat
water at the Point of Use than at
the source, via piped systems
Efficiency of measures against diarrhoea
(source: SIE 2009)
7
Point of Use treatment
1 Point of Tap
2 Household Water Treatment
and Safe storage (HWTS)
Point of Tap
- Water kiosks
- Chlorine
dispensors
A drop of chlorine at
the tap point
Local Chlorine production
WATASOL
Users; over 0.5 Million
Price; $0.3 - $ 1.0
Cost; $0.1 - $ 0.5
+
- Extremely low costs
- Local business development
- Re-use of bottles
- Can be used as disinfectant
- Requires much training
Point of Use Treatment. HWTS
Disinfectant/Flocculant
Users; 1 mln.?
Price; $0.1- $0.2 (sachet 20 ltr.)
Cost; $5 - $10
+
- 2 functions
- Small
- Easy transport in emergencies
- Low investment/day
-
- High cost/year
- Not easy in use
Twinoxide/ Aqua prove
Users; 0,2 mln.
Price ; $1
Cost; $2- $4
+
- No taste, no smell
- No health effects
- “Prevents” malaria ?
- Twinoxide (liquid) has short shelve life
(Aqua prove, with tablet, has a long shelve life)
Silverdyne
Users; 9 mln.
Price; $3 - $4
Cost; $1 - $3
+
- Very effective
- No taste & smell
- No environmental effects
- Ten years shelf life
- Long lasting effect in storage
- Not widely known
Plation
Safe storage
Users; 0.5 ? mln.
Price; $20/unit/20ltr
Cost; $4 - $6
+
- Extremely simple
- Functions one year
- High costs
Silver tube, Clay bar
Silver impregnated ceramic
Users; 1000
Price; $1 - $5
Cost; $0.2 - $1
+
- Simple
- Low cost
- Local production
- More tests needed
Biosand filters
Users; 1-2 mln.
Price; $20- $30
Cost; $1- $ 2
+
- 120 liters/day
- Local production
- Big, heavy to transport
- Not an off-the-shelf product
less attractive for shops
- Needs additional disinfection
Candle Filters (drip filters)
Users; 200 - 300? Mln.
Price; $15 - $100
Cost; $ 2 - $10
+
- Includes storage
- Easy to use
- Widely used in Asia & S. America
- Most models low filter capacity
- Most cheap models not reliable
- High volume, high transport costs
- Cost in Africa > $30
Candle filters
Stefani (Brazil)
• Cost in Mozambique
$30 - $100
• Production 5 million
candles/year
Nazava Filters
Local assembly
Low cost concept
Imported filter
element & local
containers
-Filter cap 3- 20 ltr /hr
-Cost: 9 - .. US$
Pot filters
Users; 5 – 10 mln.
Price; $12 – $22
Cost; $ 1.5 - $ 3
+
- Local production
- Easy to use
- Big, fragile (transport)
- Less attractive for shops
Pureit
As safe as boiled water
Users; 20-30 mln.
Price; $35
Cost; $4 - $5
+
- Attractive
- Very effective, EPA std.
- Expensive for poor families
- Only in India
Swach
Users; 1-2 mln?
Price; $20?
Cost; $2 - $3
+
- Attractive (Gadget)
- Effective
- Only available in India
LifeStraw-Family
Users; 6? Mln.
Price; $25 - $ ?
Cost; $ 2 - $ ?
+
- Attractive (Gadget)
- Very effective, EPA std.
- High filling point, 2ltr. cap.
- After 15.000 ltr. complete
new filter needed
- Expensive for poor families
Siphon filter (Tulip )
Users; 1 mln.
Price; $8 - $16
Cost; $1- $2
+
- Small, easy transport
- 7000 ltr / element
- 60-120 ltr / day
- Reduction bact. 99,99%
- Relatively complicated in use
- Requires additional storage container
No option is ‘the’ solution
•
Boiling
Filtering
Chemicals
Combined
Chemical
(PUR)
UV
SODIS
Turbidity
Heavy
Metals
Viruses
Bacteria
Parasites
Pesticides
Comparison of 4 Home Water treatment options for Africa in US$
Green = good.
Orange = medium
Variable
Price /100 litre
( no subsidy)*
Red = bad
Siphon filter
Chlorine
Boiling
0 – 4 ***
0, 20 -0,25 ?
0,02 - 0,06**
8 – 12 ?
n.a.
10
25 -30 ?
0,20 - 0,60*
bottle for 1000 l
Cost/ family/year
4
Needs 2 containers
7,5 – 11
Needs 1 container
1,8 – 2,2
Needs 1
container
0 – 200
Bacteria removal
Log 4-5
Log 5-6
Log 5 to 6
Log 5-6
Virus removal
50 – 80%
100%
Parasites
removal
All
All
100%irussesxxx
No Giardia,
Cryptosporidium
Turbidity
removal
All
All
None
None
Residual effect
Months
(Colloidal silver)
Some
Few days
None
Taste
Some Improvement
Some Improvement
Strong
Flat
Daily production
of safe water
50-100 l
70-150 l
n.a.
n.a.
- User friendly 6.
- Enough for 1
family.
- Backwash
complicated
- Immediate use
- Fill up every 10 to
20 liters
- Requires existing
- Training needed.
Change element after
7000 l Plastic parts
last 5 years.
- User friendly 5
- Enough for 1
family
- Back wash
complicated
- Immediate use
- Has to be filled up
every 2 liters
- Filling 1.8 m high
- Training needed
-User friendly 7
-Difficult to
dose.
- Waiting 30min.
before drinking.
- Some training
needed
User
friendly 8
No training
needed
Change complete
filter after 15.000 l
n.a.
n.a.
New filter element 2.5
Euro. Affordable to
the poorest.
Unlikely that poor
buy a new filter after
3 years.
Need to buy new
bottle regulary.
Some times
difficult.
CO2
emission
by wood.
Indoor
pollution
Price FOB
Average retail
price in shop
( no subsidy )
Operation &
maintenance
Life span
Sustainability
0,10
Family lifestraw
filter
4,5
n.a.
n.a
?
*
Depends on fuel prices. Needed 1 kg/ liter. Cost in Uganda for boiling 1 liter, 0,04US$
**
Based on retail prices as indicated and 15000 liters of filtered water
*** Depending which type of Chlorine, for instance Watasol produces chlorine very cheap
**** In scale 1 to 5. 1 is not , 5 is very user friendly
References: “Marketing safe water systems” U Heierli Aug 2008 (P. 98). Test report Water
Laboratory Holland Noord. Website Family Lifestraw. Website and manuals of PSI.
Of all options, filters most effective in
reducing diarhoea & preferred by users
Summary of Effectiveness— All ages
Intervention Type
(no. trials)
Estimate % Δ
Δ
(random) (1- RR)
95% CI of
Estimate
Heterogeneity*
(Chi - square)
Source (6)
0.73
27%
0.53 to 1.01
p<0.00001
Household (32)
0.53
47%
0.39 to 0.73
p<0.00001
Filtration (6)
0.37
63%
0.28 to 0.49
p=0.56
Chlorination (16)
0.63
37%
0.52 to 0.75
p<0.00001
Solar Disinfection (2)
0.69
31%
0.63 to 0.74
p=0.73
Flocc/Di sinfection (7)
0.48
52%
0.20 to 1.16
p<0.0001
Flocc/Di sinf (ex
(ex Doocy
Doocy))
0.69
31%
0.58 to 0.82
p=0.08
Improved Storage (1)
0.79
21%
0.61 to 1.03
n.a .
*Note that in a test for heterogeneity, a low p- value (eg <0.10) suggests an actual
underlying difference in effect between studies that is unlikely to be attributable to
chance.
PoU Treatment can solve almost
all water quality problems
Clear but unsafe water from wells, .. + disinfection = safe water
Dirty water from wells, rivers, pumps, . + a filter
= safe water
Salt, Arsenicum,Pesticides, … ?
Rainwater storage + a filter = safe water
Scaling up?
Social marketing. Shift message from “Water =
health” to Water = wealth”. Role NGOs,
Governments. Large scale action; see Hystra study
Supply chain. Increase no. of options so people
have choices, support local private sector
Payment options. For those who can not pay in
one time. No gifts. Use subsidies for supply chains
Information ?
“Marketing Safe Water Systems”
• Compares treatment options
• Explains what went wrong with upscaling
• Suggestions for massive upscaling HWTs
A must read!!! www.poverty.ch
Author: Urs Heierli
Booklet
Smart Disinfection Solutions
www.AKVO.org
Wikipedia for water and sanitation
Safe water for all, yes we can