Transcript Psychological Therapies - AP Psychology

Unit 13 AP
Therapy and
Change
Psychological Therapies
Psychotherapy
An interaction between a trained
therapist and someone suffering from
psychological difficulties.
Eclectic Approach
The most popular form of therapyit is basically a smorgasbord where
the therapist combines techniques
from different schools of
psychology.
Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic therapist try to understand a patients current
symptoms by focusing on themes across important relationships,
including childhood experiences and the therapist relationship.
Psychoanalysis
Freud's therapy.
•Freud used free association, hypnosis
and dream interpretation to gain
insight into the client’s unconscious.
Free Association
Client reports immediately without censoring any
feelings or thoughts
Interpretation
Therapist points out, explains, and teaches the
meanings of whatever is revealed
Dream Analysis
Therapist uses the “royal road to the
unconscious” to bring unconscious material to
light
Psychoanalytic Methods
Psychotherapists use their techniques
to overcome resistance by the client.
•The psychoanalyst wants you to
become aware of the resistance and
together interpret (ex. Latent
content) it’s underlying meaning.
Transference
In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the
analyst of emotions linked with other
relationships.
Active
Listening:
echoing,
restating, and
seeking
clarification of
what the person
expresses.
Humanistic
Focuses of people’s potential for selffulfillment (self-actualization).
Basic themes of
Humanistic therapy:
*The present and future
more than the past.
*Consciousness rather
than unconscious
thoughts.
*Promoting growth
instead of curing
illness
Those in therapy become
“clients” rather than
patients.
Most widely used Humanistic technique is:
Client (Person) Centered Therapy
Developed by Carl Rogers
•Therapist should use
genuineness, acceptance
and empathy to show
unconditional positive
regard towards their
clients. Ask me to click on
an example.
Active Listening
Central to Roger’s client-centered
therapy
•Empathetic listening where the
listener echoes, restates and clarifies.
Paraphrase. Instead of saying “I
know how you feel” summarize
the speakers words in your own
words.
Invite Clarification: “ What might
be an example of that?”
Reflect feelings: “it sounds
frustrating”
Behavioral Therapies
Therapy that applies learning
principles to the elimination of
unwanted behaviors.
•HMMMM…………………
The behaviors are
the problems- so we
must change the
behaviors.
Classical Conditioning Techniques
Counter conditioning:
A behavioral therapy that conditions
new responses to stimuli that trigger
unwanted behaviors.
Two Types: Exposure therapy
and aversive conditioning
Exposure Therapy:
Systematic Desensitization
A type of counter conditioning that
associates a pleasant relaxed state
with gradually increasing anxietytriggering stimuli.
How would I use
systematic
desensitization to reduce
my fear of old women?
The trick: proceed gradually!!
Exposure Therapy:
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
Like you are an avatar
CNN Virtual Reality Battles PTSD 9 2011
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjyRu1e-Jmo
Aversive Conditioning
A type of counter conditioning that
associates an unpleasant state with an
unwanted behavior.
Drinking whisky at a party, pairing that with
throwing up. Just the smell will make you sick.
Does it work? Short term yes!
Aversive Conditioning
What are some ways you can
change the behaviors of
your friends with aversive
conditioning?
Operant Conditioning: using
positive and negative reinforcers for desired
behavior.
Token Economy: an operant conditioning
procedure that rewards a desired
behavior.
Cognitive
Aaron Beck, changing castastrophizing beliefs
about themselves, their situations and their futures.
Gentle questioning seeks to reveal irrational
thinking,, and then persuade people to remove the
dark glasses through which they view life
We often think in words: therefore, getting people to change what they say to
themselves is an effective way to change their thinking.
Automatic Thoughts
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2zRA5zCA6M
Albert Ellis and his REBT therapy:
Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
Irrational Ideas
Group therapy saves money and great for family conflicts. It also
allows people to realize there are other people out there with same
problems.
Family Therapy: Assumes that no person is an island, that we
live and grow in relation to others, especially our families.
Grandparent of support groups, Alcoholics Anonymous
The results of many such studies are then
digested by a means of meta-analysis, a
statistical procedure that combines the
conclusions of a large number of different
studies.
Bottom Line: meta-analysis gives us the
bottom-line results of a lot of studies.
Alternative Therapies
Eye movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR):
Therapy adored by thousands yet others say it is a sham.
EMDR
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZ5MLn1Cc94
Alternative Therapies
Light Exposure Therapy: Have you ever found yourself
oversleeping, gaining weight and feeling lethargic during
winter? You might have SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder)
Light Therapy - Alaska Northern Lights
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xai6wesz0jw
How many therapists does it take to change a
light bulb?
Just one, but the light bulb has to want to be
changed.
Physically changing the brain’s functioning by altering its
chemistry with drugs, or affecting its circuitry with
electroconvulsive shock, magnetic impulses, or
psychosurgery.
Such as chlorpromazine (Thorazine) dampens
responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli. It helps
positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
The molecules are similar to dopamine to
occupy its receptor sites and block its activity.
Suggested that overabundance of dopamine
contributes to schizophrenia.
These medications are strong and can also
produce tardive dyskesia (involuntary
movements of the facial muscles)
Like alcohol, antianxiety drugs, such as xanax
or ativan depresses the central nervous
system. However, does not help the CAUSE
of the problem.
Ability to lift people up from a state of depression. They
work by increasing the availability of nor epinephrine or
serotonin, neurotransmitters that elevate arousal and
mood.
How Do Antidepressants Work http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sc-4zhqViQ4
Is there another way to do this without medications?
Aerobic Exercise and Cognitive Therapy
La Toya Jackson - Step Up Workout http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_EsBnBjrLIU
Suicides and correlation to Antidepressants? Not really,
Prozac users who commit suicide are like cell-phone users
who get brain cancer. Millions of people taking Prozac
and using cell phones.
Mood-Stabilizing Medications: The simple salt lithium can
be an effective mood stabilizer for those suffering
emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder.
Shock treatment for severe depression. Produces
seizures. It is like restarting your computer, which
solves many a problem even if you don’t know why.
Electroconvulsive Therapy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYl13Relzbs
Magnetic Stimulation: pulses surge through a
magnetic coil called Repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation or TMS
Psychosurgery: Surgery that removes or
destroys brain tissue. Lobotomy: used to
calm uncontrollably emotional or violent
patients. The Dr. would shock the patient
into a coma, hammer an ice pick through each
eye socket into the brain, and then wiggle it
to sever connections running up to the frontal
lobes.
Clients need enough information about the counseling
process to be able to make informed choices
Educate clients about their rights and responsibilities
Confidentiality is essential but not absolute
Exceptions:
The client poses a danger to others or self
A client under the age of 16 is the victim of abuse
The client needs to be hospitalized
The information is made an issue in a court action
The client requests a release of record
15%: Chief Complain and free speech
30%: Pursue specific diagnoses; ask about suicide,
history of violence, and substance abuse
15%: Medical History, review of systems, family
history
25%: Personal and social history, evaluate character
pathology
10%: Mental Status Evaluation
5%: Discuss diagnosis and treatment with patient;
plan next meeting