Transcript The Age of Reformation

The Age of Reformation
How One Man Can
Change the World
Do Now: Analyze the visual image and
conduct a WAPPARTS analysis of each
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What is it?
Author
Place & Time
Prior Knowledge
Audience
Reason
The Main Idea
So What?
EQ = Which factors led most directly to
the Protestant Reformation in 16th
century Europe?
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Social Factors
Political Factors
Religious Factors
Intellectual Factors
Technological Factors
Economic Factors
Social Factors >> Reformation
Perceived Injustice
• Unrest in the new growing Middle Class aka
“Bourgeois”
– Guilds sought a stronger voice
• Unrest in the working class
– Peasants want relief from oppression &
freedom
• Unrest within the religious community
– Laity sought a more egalitarian church
Political Factors >> Reformation
Who should hold power and how?
• Powerless sought greater equality
– Guild vs. Local Authority
– Local Authority vs. Distant King
– Local Church vs. Roman Pope
• Local government sought relief from Church
interference
– Church power vs. Secular State Power
Religious Factors >> Reformation
Church Focus, Divisions & Theology
• Church secularization >> Purity movements
– People want “pure” ,“simple”, “egalitarian” &
“honest” faith… and leaders who exemplify it
– Modern Devotion movement
• Church Divisions >> lack of status / authority
– “Babylonian Captivity” = Avignon, Great Schism,
Conciliar Movement
– Poor example of Christian leadership… corrupt
– Benefice System
• Theology >> debate
– Purgatory – Indulgences – Clerical Piety
Intellectual Factors >> Reformation
• Criticism of the Church
– From political leaders...Church is interfering
– From lay leaders… Church has lost vision
• New Styles of Practicing Faith
– Modern Devotion movement
– Local Preachers rather than Roman Benefice
Technological Factors >> Reformation
Impact of the Printing Press
• Printing Press + Cheap Available Paper
– Gutenberg Press = Cheaper books, more
available
• Literacy
– Quest to know leads people to learn to read
– Increased level of knowledge
• Library
– Availability of information to many
• Postal Service
– Speed of information travel
Economic Factors >> Reformation
Does money drive everything?
• Information Industry
– New ideas published & debated = $$
• Church Authority
– Benefice, Annates & Indulgences = $$ > Church
• Local Authority
– OK with Church $$ if shared
– Restrict growth of Church Power & Land
– Taxation Rights
EQ = Which factors led most directly to
the Protestant Reformation in 16th
century Europe?
• Write a thesis statement that fully addresses
the prompt above…
Luther’s Theology
• Justification by faith alone
– Salvation comes via Belief &
Trust in Jesus Christ as personal
Savior
– Salvation cannot be earned by
“good works”
– Good Works come from within a
changed person
• Bible is the Supreme Authority
– Challenge to Papal Infallibility
Luther’s Path
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95 Theses – Wittenberg
Debates & writes > fame
Pope Leo X > ML = “heretic”
Diet of Worms > “recant!”
– HR Emp. Charles V condemns
– ML = “outlaw”
• Frederick the Wise
– Hides ML
– ML translates NT into German
• Edict of Worms
– German prince decides religious matters
– Political concession by Charles V HRE
Luther’s Places
• Wittenberg
Luther’s Places:
Frederick the Wise’s Wartburg Castle
Luther & the Peasant Revolts
• German Feudalism
– Lords tax peasants
– Lords ↑↑ oppression
• Peasant Violence 1524-5
– Cited Luther in error
• Luther condemns revolts
– Church reformer
– Non-political… order!
• Limited Social Change
The Spread of the Reformation
• What is the
main idea of
this document?
• What
conclusions can
you draw from
this document?
Swiss Reformation - Zwingli
• Scripture is ALL & base
for belief & practice!
• Qs Catholic teachings
– Clerical Celibacy
– Saints
– Pilgrimage
– Purgatory…
Marburg Colloquy
A Meeting of the Minds?
• Philip of Hesse
– United Reformation?
• Luther v. Zwingli
– Theological argument
– Eucharist
• End Result
– Protestants split:
• L vs Z
– Swiss Cantons split:
• Z vs RC
Anabaptists… Mennonites / Amish
• Apostolic Christianity
• Baptism… No infants!
• Conrad Grebel / Swiss Brethren
–Schleitheim Confession
• Adult Baptism, Pacifism
• No oaths, No secular gov’t
office
–Separatists… persecuted
Anabaptist Theocracy
• Műnster,
Germany
• Anabaptist rule by
Old Testament Law
• Strict Rule
– L / RC leave
– Besieged &
Crushed by
combined army
of RC & L!
John Calvin & Geneva
• Calvinist Theology
– Divine Predestination & the Elect
– Individual Responsibility
• Protestant Work Ethic
– Societal Reform via Faith Based Works
• Calvinist Geneva – mid 1500s
– Protestant Revolt >> Reform >>
Theocracy
– Strict Morality
– Protestant Refugee Haven
Can we talk? The Continent calms…
• Diet of Augsburg 1530
– HRE Ch. V demands RC
• Schmalkaldic League
– Lutheran defense alliance
• Lutheranism Spreads
– Denmark, Sweden, Poland
• Peace of Augsburg
– Cuius regio, eius religio
– Calvinism NOT recognized
English Reformation – Henry VIII
• Pre-conditions in England
– Wycliffe > Lollards
– Wm. Tyndale = English NT
– Henry VIII = “Defender of the Faith”
• Creating the Church of England aka Anglican
Church
– Henry + Catherine = Mary, but No sons 
– Henry’s Affairs >> Anne Boleyn, no annulment, etc.
– Submission of Clergy > Act of Succession >
– Act of Supremacy = King head over Gov AND Ch
English Religious Conflict
• Henry VIII
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England left RC… English Bible
Executed Sir Th. More & others
Seized RC lands, wealth, etc violently
Six Articles (1539) limits Reformation ideas
• Edward VI
– Book of Common Prayer… violence vs. RCs
• Mary I
– Restored RC… “Bloody Mary”
• Elizabeth I
– Restores Anglican Church
Catholic Counter-Reformation
• Ignatius of Loyola
– Society of Jesus… Jesuits
– Spiritual Disciplines
• Personal discipline, education
• Council of Trent >> 18 Year Debate,
resolved…
– Salvation = faith + good works
– Papal authority + traditions + 7 Sacraments
– No cup for laypeople + transubstantiation
– Clerical Celibacy
– Purgatory, indulgences, saints, relics & icons
The Effects of the Reformation
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Divided Europe permanently… Prot vs RC
Less visible corruption
Vernacular Services + Lay leadership grows
Education Changes
– Humanism blended with Protestantism
• Women
– Role of wife, mother & equal companion
– Legal protection, divorce possible
Reformation Era Literature
• Miguel de Cervantes (SP)
• Influenced by:
– RC C – No Reformation
– Piety of F + I (devout)
– Life experiences
• Don Quixote = Satire
– RC idealism v. Realism
Reformation Era Literature
• William Shakespeare (E)
• Playwright of many genres
– Comedy, Tragedy,
Morality plays
• King’s Men troupe = All male
– Globe Theatre
• Observer of humanity
• Hamlet, Othello, Richard III,
King Lear, Romeo & Juliet,
Merchant of Venice