Transcript 鞀 澕鞚措摐 1

Unit 7
Part A Text (The land of the lock)
Part B Grammar(定语从句）
Part C Supplementary Reading
(Beyond the Right to Die, Will it
Become a Duty to Die?)
Part A Text (The land of the lock)
• I. Background Information
• 1. Crime prevention: in the United States today, Americans are gro
wing more concerned whit their security. It is reported that the crime
rate is soaring. To help people protect themselves from crime, police
departments in many states have offered to citizens safety tips, such
as how to protect yourself when using a bank’s automated teller mac
hine, how to protect yourself from a carjacking, how to protect yours
elf from motor vehicle theft, how to protect yourself in parking garag
es, how to safeguard your home while on vacation, and how to prote
ct yourself while walking at night. . Here is one set of tips in detail:
• •Avoid walking or running alone at night. Instead go walking or joggi
ng with a friend.
• •Don’t use headphones while walking , driving or jogging.
• •Always walk in well-lighted areas.
• •Avoid the use of short cuts.
• •After dark, keep away from large bushes or doorways where someo
ne could be lurking.
• •Always stay near the curb.
• •If someone in a vehicle stops and ask for directions ,answer from a
distance. Do not approach the vehicle.
• •If followed, go immediately to an area with lights and people. If nee
ded, turn around and walk in the opposite direction; your follower will
also have to reverse directions.
• •Do not display cash openly, especially when leaving an ATM.
•
In Britain there is Neighborhood Watch which is an arrangement
by which people who live in a particular street or area what each oth
er’s houses and tell the police if they see anything suspicious . Many
people have formed local Neighborhood Watch groups to try to prev
ent crime, but others have refused to join them because they do not
like the idea of being watched by their neighbors.
• 2. Airport Security: Extraordinary challenges re
quire extraordinary measures. The terrorist attac
ks on America of September 11,2001 require tha
t Americans reform their Nation’s aviation securit
y system in fundamental ways. On September 2
7, President Bush launched the process of refor
m by announcing his proposals for ---an expand
ed federal air marshal program ---a $500 million
federal grant program to strengthen aircraft secu
rity and federal management of airport security a
nd screening services.
II. Language Points
• 1. I don't know if that was a local term or if it is univ
ersal; "on the latch" meant the door was closed but
not locked. None of us carried keys; the last one in f
or the evening would close up, and that was it.
•
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on the latch: (of a door) closed but not locked（门）关着但
没上锁
e.g. Let yourself in the door is on the latch.
不要把你自己锁在屋里了。
close up: shut (sth.) esp. temporarily（尤指暂时）关闭
e.g. I wanted so much to close up my store and go traveling.
我多想关掉我的商店出去旅游啊。
• 2. In rural areas as well as in cities, doors do not sta
y unlocked, even for part of an evening.
• rural：living in or characteristic of farming or country lifead
j. 农村的
e.g. The disease occurs most frequently in rural areas.
那疾病多见於农村地区。
The rural scenery was so beautiful that he decided to st
ay one more week.
乡村风光太美了，以致于他决定再多呆一星期。
• Useful expression:
•
rural environment 农村环境
•
rural industry 乡镇工业
•
rural location 郊外地区
•
rural area 农村地区
• 3. Suburbs and country areas are, in many ways, ev
en more vulnerable than well-patrolled urban street
s.
• vulnerable: exposed to danger or attack; unprotected adj.易
受攻击的;无防御的
e.g. Achilles was vulnerable only in his heel.
–
阿基里斯只有脚后跟会受伤害。
•
The potato is vulnerable to several pests.
–
马铃薯易受几种害虫的侵害。
• urban: of, situated in or living in a city or town城市的,都市的
•
e.g. In some developing countries more and more people
are migrating to urban areas.
–
在某些发展中的国家,越来越多的人向市区迁移。
• 4. Statistics show the crime rate rising more dramati
cally in those allegedly tranquil areas than in cities.
• statistics: collection of information expressed in numbers n.统
计;统计资料
•
e.g. The official prefixed an explanatory note to the list of st
atistics.
那官员在统计表前加了一段说明文字。
• tranquil: calm, quite and undisturbed adj.平静的,宁静的
e.g. The countryside is very tranquil, with less people.
乡下挺安静的，人没那么多。
A peaceful and tranquil atmo here permeates the place
这地方充满着一种宁静的气氛。
• 5. It has been replaced by locks, security chai
ns, electronic alarm systems and trip wires ho
oked up to a police station or private guard fir
m.
• hook up to: connect or attach (sth.) to (sth. else) with or as if
with a hook连接到
• e.g. He was wired up to a police tape recorder.
– 他被连接到了警方的录音机上。
•
The wire connection to the ground rod was loose.
– 金属线连接到接地杆是松开的。
• 6. Many suburban families have sliding glass doors
on their patios, with steel bars elegantly built in so
no one can pry the doors open.
• build in / into: make (sth.) as part of the structure使成为建筑
物的一部分
• e.g. Rome was not build in a day.
– [谚]罗马非朝夕建成。
•
The new library was built in the centre of the campus.
– 新图书馆建在校园的中心。
• pry: force sth. open or away from a surface vt.撬开;撬动
• e.g.They tried to use an iron bar to pry open the lock.
– 他们试图用一根铁棒撬开锁。
•
Don't pry into private life of others.
– 不要窥探别人的私生活。
• 7. It is not uncommon, in the most pleasant of hom
es, to see pasted on the windows decals announcin
g that the premises are under surveillance by this se
curity force or that guard company.
• paste: stick sth. with glue vt.用桨糊粘贴
• e.g. She pasted the pictures into a scrapbook.
–
她把图片贴在剪贴簿上。
It's quicker to cut and paste than to retype.
–
剪切和粘贴比重新打字要快。
• useful expression:
• paste up 用浆糊[胶水]粘住
• paste down用浆糊贴牢
• fish paste 鱼酱
• premise: 1) (pl) all the buildings and land that an institutio
n o-ccupies on one site n.( pl)(包括地基在内的)房屋,假设,
前提
• e.g.I wonder whether the whole premise is right.
– 我怀疑整个前提是否正确。
•
We must act on the premise that the worst can happen.
– 我们必须在可能发生最坏事态的前提下行动。
• 2) sth. that you accept as true and use as a basis for another i
dea or way of thinking (usu. followed by that clause)提论,假
设
e.g. He challenged the premise that in nature genes interchange with each other.
–
他对自然界遗传基因会互换的假设提出质疑。
•
Underpinning it all is the premise that the ultimate right
of humans is to be free.
–
为了给所有这些问题找到支撑点，我们只能假设人
类最终的权利能得到解放与自由
• 8. We have become so used to defending ourselves
against the new atmosphere of American life, so us
ed to putting up barriers, that we have not had time
to think about what it may mean.
• “...that we have not had time…”: “that”, used together with
“so”, as a conjuction expressing result.
• put up: build or erect建造,设置
• e.g. They are putting up several new buildings in that block.
– 他们正在那一街区建几幢楼房。
• useful expression:
•
put up with忍受, 容忍
•
put up a fight 奋勇战斗
•
put up at 投宿
•
put one‘s back up 使生气变得倔强
•
put up the shutters 打烊(关店, 停业)
•
put the wind up 使 ... 惊慌
•
put up to 告知(指点, 唆使)
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• barrier: thing that prevents progress or movement n.障碍;
妨碍
e.g. Heavy duties on imports and exports are a barrier to inte
rnational trade.
– 进出口的高关税是国际贸易的障碍。
The Sahara Desert is a natural barrier between north and
central Africa.
– 撒哈拉沙漠是北非与中非之间的天然屏障。
Useful expression:
tariff barrier 关税壁垒
barrier layer n. 阻挡层
• 9. For some reason we are satisfied when we think
we are well-protected; it does not occur to us to ask
ourselves: Why has this happened?
• it does not occur to us: it does not come to our mind
to ask ourselves
• occur to = come to (sb.’s) mind
• 10. Why are we having to barricade ourselves again
st neighbors and fellow citizens, and when, exactly,
did this start to take over our lives?
• barricade: a barrier of large objects, intended to stop an ene
my; block with a barricade vt.在…设置路障n. 路障,街垒
• e.g. The soldiers make a barricade across the road.
– 士兵在路上设路障。
– Everyone should be guarded by legal barricades.
人人都应受法律保障。
• 11. And it has taken over. If you work for a m
edium to large-size company, chances are tha
t you don't just wander in and out of work.
• … just wander in and out of work: it means just come in or go
out of your working place freely.
• wander: move about without a fixed purpose (followed by ab
out/around/through etc.) vi.漫游;闲逛;徘徊
• e.g. He likes to wander over the countryside.
–
他喜欢在乡间漫步。
• Useful expression:
•
wander around徘徊
•
wander in one's mind 说胡话, 神志昏迷
• 12. With electronic X-ray equipment, we seem finall
y to have figured out a way to hold the terrorists, re
al and imagined, at bay; it was such a relief to solve
this problem that we did not think much about wha
t such a state of affairs says about the quality of our
lives.
• “…, we seem finally …at bay.”: we seem to have worked out a
way to keep the rerrorists away whether they are real or whet
her they are imagined.
• “it was such a relief … our lives.”: when we finally solved this
problem, we felt much relieved. We did not bother to conside
r what this situation mwans.
• hold/keep (sb.) at hay: prevent (an enemy, pursuers,
etc.) from coming near不让…逼近, 牵制
•
e.g. At the moment, Mourinho's defensive scheme funnels
everything into Makelele, the Venus in the flytrap.
–
如果两前锋灵活扯动，那么切尔西二人组将轻松地
被随处牵制。
•
We can't pick our family, and we're sorely limited in the
number of them at any rate.
–
我们不能选择自己的家庭，而且我们会不同程度的
受到家庭的牵制。
• 13. We now pass through these electronic friskers w
ithout so much as a sideways glance; the machines,
and what they stand for, have won.
• sideways: to, towards or from the side (adv,adj) 斜着(的);斜
向一边(的)
•
e.g. He dropped the box sideways, so it hit me.
–
他把箱子向旁边一扔,所以把我打着了。
•
He looked sideways at me in the meeting.
–
他在会议上斜着眼看我。
• .
• stand for: represent; mean代表;表示,象征
• e.g. I condemn fascism and all it stands for.
– 我谴责法西斯主义及其代表的一切。
•
What did Kenai's totem stand for?
–
可奈的图腾象征着什么?
• 14. Businessmen, in increasing numbers are p
urchasing new machines that hook up to the
telephone and analyze a caller's voice.
• Businessmen, in increasing numbers…: more and mo
re businessmen
• 15. The machines are supposed to tell the bu
sinessman, with a small margin of error, whet
her his friend or client is telling lies.
• with/by a small/large margin:小/大幅度地
•
e.g. Governor Bush won the election but by a small margin.
•
布什在选举中以微弱趋势取胜。
• 16. But no, with all this security, we are perha
ps the most insecure nation in the history of c
ivilized man.
• civilize: cause to improve from a primitive stage of human soci
ety to a more developed one vt.开化;使文明
• e.g. Many a rough man has been civilized by his wife.
– 许多粗野的男人在妻子的开导下变得文雅了。
•
His wife has had a civilizing influence on him.
– 他妻子对改进他言谈举止有潜移默化的影响。
• 17. What better word to describe the way in
which we have been forced to live? What bet
ter indictment of all that become in this new
and puzzling time?
• “What better word …? What better indictment…?”: In both s
entences two words are omitted: “is the”. The same structure
can also be found in the last sentence, where “ are” is omitted.
• puzzling: (i)confusing, not easy to understand adj.令人困惑的;
令人费解的
•
e.g. The teacher's explanation clarify the puzzling problem.
–
老师的说明澄清了困扰的问题。
• puzzle: cause (sb.) to feel confused and slightly worried becau
se they cannot understand sth.; thinking hard in order to unde
rstand.使为难, 使困惑
e.g. I've never been able to puzzle her out.
– 我一直对她捉摸不透。
•
I have in mind some doubts which really puzzle me.
–
我心中有一个疑团, 百思不得其解。
• 18. We have become so smart about self-prot
ection that, in the end, we all outsmarted our
selves.
• “…,we all outsmarted ourselves”: (idiom) We have b
een so smart that it may hurt rather than help us.
• 19. That may be the legacy we remember best whe
n we look back on this age: In dealing with the unse
en horrors among us, we became prisoners of ourse
lves.
• look back on: think about (sth.) in one‘s past;回忆起;回顾
• e.g. I like to look back on my high-school days.
–
我喜欢回顾中学生活时代。
•
How far does your memory go back?
–
你能回忆起多久以前的事情？
• Useful expression:
• look at home 扪心自问
• look ahead 考虑未来, 看前面
Part B Grammar(Attributice Clauses定语从句）
• 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被
修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系
词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
• 定语从句
•
定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主
句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在
它所修饰的先行词后面。在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词叫做定语从句。
(定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.被修
饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面.
• 定语
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定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用
的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中常
用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，
副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词
作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则
放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。
• 关系词
•
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副
词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有wha
t；关系副词有where, when, why,how等。关系词常有3个作用：
•
①连接作用，引导定语从句。
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②代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主
句。
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③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。
•
注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。关系代
词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点
状语，时间状语，原因状语等。
• 先行词
•
被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。如The man The boo
k
关系代词引导的定语从句
• 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主
语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语
动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
• 关系代词
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关系代词（一般情况下）that 可用在从句做主语，谓动词的宾语，
但是不能做介词的宾语。
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which指物，在从句中作主语，谓语或宾语；
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who在从句中作主语；
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whom在从句中作宾语；
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where在从句中修饰表地点的名词，做地点状语；
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when在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词，做时间状语；
•
why在从句中做原因状语，先行词通常是"reason"
•
有时why也可用for+which代替。
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例：A doctor is a person ‖who looks after people's health.
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主语 谓语 先行词 定语从句修饰先行词
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1,who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who作主语指人，whom作宾语指人，tha
t既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。在从句中所起作
用如下：
(1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个男人想见你？（who/that
在从句中作主语）
(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（who
m/that在从句中作宾语）
（3）The man who you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你刚刚说话的那
个男人是我们的英语老师
2,Whose 用来指人或物
(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换，指人的时候也可以用of whom
代替）
(1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，
大家都跑过去帮忙。
(2) Please pass me the book whose (of which) color is green. 请递给我那本绿
皮的书。
（3）The man whose son is a doctor is professor.
• 3. which, that
•
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、
宾语等，作宾语时可以省略，例如：
•
(1) A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appear
s in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在从
句中作主语）
•
(2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come
unwrapped. 你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在从句中作宾语）
• 4. as
•
as 可以做主语，也可以作宾语，作宾语时一般不省略，指人或
者物。常与such as,the same as等短语连用。
• 5. as与which的区别
•
①as可以放在句首，而which不行
•
②as表示主观，which表示客观事实
•
③as引导非限制性定语从句
限定性定语从句
• 一. 关系代词
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1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，t
hat在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg：This i
s the book （which）you want.]
2. 如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，
而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
3. 代表物时多用which，但在下列情况中用that而不用which：
a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时；
b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时，这时的that常被省
略；
c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时；
d)先行词中既有人又有物时；
e)整个句中前面已有which，who,that时；
f)当先行词为物并作表语时；
g)先行词为one时；
h)先行词同时又被the only,the very,the same修饰时；
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾
语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导
的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思
一样。
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二. 关系副词
关系副词：在句中作状语
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。
2. when引导定语从句表示时间[注]值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从
句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。
By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到
你到达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。
I still remember the first time when I met her. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她。
Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, suc
h as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 每一次他去出差，他带来了生活必需品，如毛巾，
肥皂，牙刷等其他东西。
3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, a
nything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。
非限制性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行
词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
非限定性定语从句
• 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句作用是说明前面整个句子的情况或
主句的某一部分
• 2.当先行词是专有名词、物主代词或指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语
从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
•
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查
理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
• 3.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从
句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
•
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly ups
ets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
•
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液
态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
• 4. 有时as也可用作关系代词
• 5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而
用who, whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物，如果需要用why，
可用for which代替.；
•
p.s: which引导的非限制性定语从句其后不可省略成分，as可以
• 一. 关系代词引导的定语从句
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
who指人在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的
男孩们是一班的.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一
个迷路的老人.
whom指人
在定语从句中充当宾语，常省略。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，基
本可以通用。区别是who可以做主语而whom不可以，whom前可以加介词如t
o whom，但是who不可以）
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是
在公交车上和你聊天的那个人.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I
talk to. 他就是那个和我聊天的男人.
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an E
nglish book. 他就是那个有英语书的男人.
• whose通常指人也可指物
•
在定语从句中做定语，表所有。
•
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个朋友的父
亲是医生.
• which指物
•
在定语从句中做主语，表语，定语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
在非限制性定语从句中有“，”即可用which
•
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多
数男孩都喜欢的游戏.
• that指人时
•
相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。
•
在定语从句中做主语,表语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
•
(1) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city eac
h year rises one million.数目的人民那个/谁来城市观光每年上升之一
个百万
•
• 二. 关系副词引导的定语从句
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
when指时间
在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
where指地点
在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
why指原因
在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
Part C Supplementary Reading
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
a terminally ill person
erode humanitarian considerations
with the endorsement of society
assign the priorities
guilt-ridden
There’s the rub.
in retrospect
let go of
without guilt or sin
• It is morally terrifying to me to consider legi
slating “the right to die.”
• It follows, then, that if we could predict that
terminal period we could find the long-sou
ght magic that would immediately and dras
tically cut soaring medical expenses.
年度数量对比
Thank You!