Transcript Implementing Computer-Assisted Career Guidance

MHS 5340
Foundations of Career Development
Evolution of Work, Mental Health,
Family, Education, and Leisure
James P. Sampson, Jr.
Florida State University
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Why work?
• Economic
• Social
• Psychological
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Past, Present, & Future Trends
• Hunter-gatherer model
– Men hunted, women gathered
• Agrarian / Agricultural model
– Tools needed to work farms
– Trade became popular
• Class development
– Landowners vs. laborers
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Past, Present, & Future Trends
• Class development
– Middle class composed of merchants
and very skilled craftsmen
– Professions develop
• Clergy
• Medicine
• Law
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Past, Present, & Future Trends
• Children
– Eldest son enters father’s occupation
– Other sons enter varied occupations
– Daughters become wives and care
for children as well as work in the
home and often work in the family
business
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Past, Present, & Future Trends
• Industrial Revolution
– Movement of workers from farms to
cities
• Self-employment to working for others
– Difficulty with career development in
new trades
• Families less helpful in guiding children
• Family influence strong in deterministic
society
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Past, Present, & Future Trends
• Immigrants
– New groups wanted to reinvent
themselves in America
– Commonality of achievement motivation
– Needed education
– Ability to read & write supports vibrant
middle class
– Still needed vocational guidance
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Past, Present, & Future Trends
• Frank Parsons (1908)
– Leader in social reform movement
– Innovative practitioner and theorist
– Three-part model of decision making
• Self knowledge
• Occupational knowledge
• True reasoning
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Past, Present, & Future Trends
• WWI
– Tests developed for selection of
soldiers and officers
– Aptitude tests created
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Past, Present, & Future Trends
• School guidance and work
– Education and economic
achievement at work allows upward
mobility in social class
• unprecedented social development
– Guidance programs
• Vocational education
• College selection
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Past, Present, & Future Trends
• W W II
– Women moved into work force
vacated by men
– Women didn’t want to stop working
after war – valued independence
– Rise of women’s movement
– Soldiers needed counseling for “shell
shock” (now PTSD)
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Past, Present, & Future Trends
• W W II
– Soldiers needed career counseling for
college major choice for post-military careers
• Sputnik (1957)
– Russians launch 1st satellite
– Americans surprised and embarrassed
– Counselors encouraged to “guide” students
into math and engineering careers
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Past, Present, & Future Trends
• Alternative ways to work
– Permanent full-time
– Part-time
– Flextime
– Overtime
– Shift work
– Multiple jobs
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Past, Present, & Future Trends
• Alternative ways to work
– Job sharing
– Telecommuting
– Independent contractor, Self-employment,
Freelancer or Consultant
– Contingent workforce
• Outsourcing, temporary services, on-call workers,
interns, co-ops
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Past, Present, & Future Trends
• Career Education integrates the school,
community and employers
• Human Resource Development emerges
among private, not-for-profit, and public
sector employers
• School-to-Work movement emerges from the
career education movement
• One-Stop Centers integrate public
employment, training, and social services in
one location
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 Problems of Unemployment
• Admundson & Borgen:
– Job loss and grieving process
• denial, anger, bargaining, depression,
and acceptance
– Job search / burnout
• enthusiasm, stagnation, frustration,
apathy, and further depression
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Work Adjustment Counseling
• Work Adjustment Counseling integrates
mental health counseling and career
counseling
– Problems working with fellow employees
– Problems relating to supervisors
– Problems in job performance not related to
skills
– Chronic unemployment
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Employee Assistance Programs
• Employee Assistance Programs
(EAPs) initiated to cope with
substance abuse on the job:
– Absenteeism
– Poor/unsafe performance
• EAP’s now handle any  problem
that interferes with work
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Employee Assistance Programs
• EAP issues:
– Health problems
– Family
– Work addiction
– Anxiety
– Depression
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Employee Assistance Programs
• Service delivery:
– In-house (company EAP)
– Referral (contract out to EAP firm)
• Less expensive to provide EAP
service than to hire and train a new
worker
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Systems Approach to Career
• A system of interrelated factors
affect Career Development
• Three levels:
– I. World events (war, economics)
– II. Culture
– III. Elements of work, family,
education / training, and leisure
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Systems Approach
• World and economic events may affect
work, family, education, and leisure
• Interventions in one life role affect other
life roles
• Be aware of client’s culture when
considering his/her system of work,
family, education, leisure
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Leisure
• Hard work highly valued
• This century has seen increase in
leisure time
• Better leisure = better work
• People don’t always make good
leisure choices
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Types of Leisure
• Blocker & Siegal
– Complementary
– Supplementary
– Compensatory
• Supplementary and Compensatory
can be the same activity
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 Contributions of Leisure
• Challenge
• Support
• Structure
• Feedback
• Application
• Integration
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Homework Assignment #2
• What are your leisure activities?
• What types of leisure are they?
– complementary, supplemental,
compensatory
• What  contribution does your
leisure give you?
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For Additional Information
www.career.fsu.edu/techcenter/
Thank You
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