Transcript Document

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Assisting
Special Rescue
Teams
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Objectives (1 of 3)
• Define the types of special rescues
encountered by fire fighters.
• Describe the steps of a special rescue.
• Describe the general procedures at a
special rescue scene.
• Describe how to safely approach and
assist at a vehicle or machinery rescue
incident.
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Objectives (2 of 3)
• Describe how to safely approach and assist
at a confined space rescue incident.
• Describe how to safely approach and assist
at a rope rescue incident.
• Describe how to safely approach and assist
at a trench and excavation rescue incident.
• Describe how to safely approach and assist
at a structural collapse rescue incident.
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Objectives (3 of 3)
• Describe how to safely approach and assist
at a water or ice rescue incident.
• Describe how to safely approach and assist
at a wilderness search and rescue incident.
• Describe how to safely approach and assist
at a hazardous materials rescue incident.
• Describe how to safely approach and assist
at an elevator or escalator rescue.
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Introduction (1 of 3)
• Fire departments have taken on added
roles as the number of fires and amount
of loss from fire have decreased.
– Emergency medical services
– Hazardous materials response
– Technical rescue incident (TRI) responses
• Fire departments are seen as agencies
that handle all types of emergencies.
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Introduction (2 of 3)
• A technical rescue incident (TRI)
involves:
– Vehicles or machinery
– Water or ice
– Rope techniques
– Trench, excavation, or structural collapse
– Confined spaces or hazardous materials
– Wilderness search and rescue
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Introduction (3 of 3)
• Training in technical rescue incidents is
conducted at three levels:
– Awareness
– Operations
– Technician
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Types of Rescues (1 of 2)
• Fire departments respond to a variety of
special rescue situations:
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Confined space rescue
Rope rescue
Trench and excavation rescue
Structural collapse rescue
Water and ice rescue
Wilderness rescue
Hazardous materials incidents
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Types of Rescues (2 of 2)
• It is important for awareness-level
responders to have an understanding of
special rescues.
• A formal course is required to gain
proficiency in handling special rescue
situations.
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Guidelines for Operations
• When assisting rescue team members,
follow five guidelines:
– Be safe.
– Follow orders.
– Work as a team.
– Think.
– Follow the Golden Rule of public service.
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Be Safe
• Look for hidden hazards.
• Have the knowledge and training to
recognize a situation as hazardous.
• Determine the necessary actions to
ensure safety of yourself, your team
members, victims of the incident, and
bystanders.
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Follow Orders
• Grasping paramilitary attitudes will
facilitate understanding of the command
and control aspect of fire departments.
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Work as a Team
• Team members
must work together
to complete the goal
of fire suppression.
• Rescue is a different
goal but requires the
same team effort.
• Your role in the team
rescue effort is
essential.
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Think
• Constantly assess and reassess the
scene.
• Observations a fire fighter should bring
to a superior officer’s attention include:
– Changing weather conditions
– Suspicious packages or other items at the
scene
– Broken equipment
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Follow the Golden Rule
of Public Service
• Remember that the victim needs your
emotional support and encouragement.
• It is helpful to tell the victim what actions
will be performed during the rescue
process.
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F-A-I-L-U-R-E
• Reasons for rescue FAILURE:
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Failure to understand the environment
Additional medical problems not considered
Inadequate rescue skills
Lack of teamwork or experience
Underestimating logistics of the incident
Rescue versus recovery mode not considered
Equipment not mastered
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Steps of Special Rescue
Ten steps of special rescue sequence:
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– Removal
– Transport
– Security of the scene
and preparation for
the next call
– Postincident analysis
Preparation
Response
Arrival and size-up
Stabilization
Access
Disentanglement
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Preparation
• Know the terminology used in the field.
• Know the hazards in your response area.
• Before responding to a TRI call, a department
must address:
– Whether it is equipped to do so
– Whether it meets NFPA and OSHA standards for
TRI calls
– How it will respond
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Response (1 of 2)
• A TRI should have a dispatch protocol.
• Agency with own TRI team: Responds
with rescue squad, medic unit, engine
company and chief.
• Agency without TRI team: Responds
with EMS unit, engine company, and
chief, with rescue squad from outside
agency.
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Response (2 of 2)
• Many technical rescues involve factors,
such as electricity or sewer pipes, that
may require heavy equipment to which
utility companies have ready access.
• Often necessary during a TRI to notify
power or utility companies for possible
assistance.
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Arrival and Size-Up (1 of 2)
• Immediately upon arrival, the first company
officer assumes command.
• A rapid, accurate size-up is needed to avoid
placing rescuers in danger and to determine
what other resources are needed.
• When responding to a worksite or industrial
facility, the officer contacts the responsible
party (RP).
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Arrival and Size-Up (2 of 2)
• The most important part of any rescue
is identification of hazards and the
decision of recovery versus rescue.
• Do NOT rush into the incident.
– Stop and think about possible dangers.
– Do not make yourself part of the problem.
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Stabilization (1 of 5)
• Once resources are on the way and the
scene is safe to enter:
– An outer perimeter is established to keep
out media and the public (cold zone).
– A smaller perimeter is set up around the
rescue (warm and hot zones).
• Rescue area surrounds the incident site
– Its size is proportional to the hazards that
exist.
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Stabilization (2 of 5)
• Zones should be established by
identifying and evaluating hazards at
the scene:
– Observe the geographical area.
– Note the routes of access and exit.
– Observe weather and wind conditions.
– Consider evacuation problems and
transport distances.
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Stabilization (3 of 5)
• Hot zone
– For entry teams and rescue teams only;
immediately surrounds the danger.
• Warm zone:
– For properly trained and equipped personnel;
where decontamination and hot zone support take
place.
• Cold zone:
– For staging vehicles and equipment; contains the
command post; public and media kept clear at all
times.
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Stabilization (4 of 5)
• Lockout/tagout
systems should be
used to secure a
safe environment.
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Stabilization (5 of 5)
• Lockout/tagout
– Ensures that electricity has been shut
down and electrical switches are “locked”
so they cannot be switched on
• Atmospheric monitoring should also be
started to identify situations immediately
dangerous to life and health (IDLH) of
rescuers and victims.
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Access
• Communicate with victim at all times
during rescue.
• Initiate emergency medical care as
soon as access is made to the victim.
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Disentanglement
• Free victim as safely as possible.
• A team member should remain with the
victim to direct rescuers during
disentanglement.
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Removal
• Once victim is
disentangled, efforts
should be redirected to
removal.
• Prepare the victim for
removal by packaging
the victim.
• Consider rapid
extrication.
• Maintain safety
throughout removal.
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Transport
• Remove victim from hazard area.
• Transport to proper medical facility.
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Postincident Duties
• Secure the scene and prepare for next
call.
• Repair or replace equipment.
• Perform a postincident analysis.
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General Rescue Scene
Procedures
• Safety to you, your company, and the public
is paramount.
• Evaluate situation before approaching victim
or accident area.
• Consider hazards
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Utilities
Hazardous materials
Confined spaces
Environmental conditions
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Approaching the Scene (1 of 3)
• Compile facts and factors about the call.
• Gain size-up information.
• Information is important to overall
success of the rescue operation.
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Approaching the Scene (2 of 3)
• Information received in an emergency call
should include:
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Location of incident
Nature of incident (kinds and number of vehicles)
Condition and position of victims
Number of people trapped or injured, and types of
injuries
– Any specific or special hazard information
– Name of person calling and number where he or
she can be reached
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Approaching the Scene (3 of 3)
• Identify and correct life-threatening hazards.
• A size-up should include:
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Scope and magnitude of the incident
Risk and benefit analysis
Number of known and potential victims
Hazards
Access to the scene
Environmental factors
Available and necessary resources
Establishment of control perimeter
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Utility Hazards (1 of 3)
• IC should ensure
proper procedures
have been taken to
shut off utilities.
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Utility Hazards (2 of 3)
• For electrical hazards:
– Park at least one truck span away.
– Watch for falling utility poles; a damaged pole may
bring other poles down with it.
– Do not touch any wires, power lines, or other
electrical sources until they have been deactivated
by a power company representative.
– It is not just the wires that are hazardous; any
metal that they touch is also energized.
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Utility Hazards (3 of 3)
• Both natural gas and liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG) are nontoxic but
classified as asphyxiants.
– They displace breathing air.
– Both are explosive.
– If a call involves leaking gas, call the gas
company.
– Take appropriate measures if a victim has
been overcome by leaking gas.
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Scene Security
• Coworkers, family members, and sometimes
other rescuers will enter an unsafe scene and
become additional victims.
• IC should coordinate with law enforcement to
secure and control the scene.
• Maintain a strict accountability system to
control access to the rescue scene.
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Protective Equipment
• Firefighting gear
restricts movement.
• Most specialist
teams carry
harnesses, small,
light helmets, and
jumpsuits that are
easier to move in.
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Incident Management System
(IMS)
• First arriving officer assumes command
and uses the IMS
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Accountability
• Practiced at all emergencies
• Ensures safety
• Tracks personnel on scene
– Identities
– Assignment
– Location
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Making Victim Contact (1 of 4)
• Attempt communications with victim.
• Reassure victim of his or her safety.
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Making Victim Contact (2 of 4)
• To help keep a victim calm:
– Make and keep eye contact with the victim.
– Tell the truth.
– Communicate at a level he or she can
understand.
– Be aware of your own body language.
– Always speak slowly, clearly, and distinctly.
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Making Victim Contact (3 of 4)
• To help keep a victim calm (cont.):
– Use a victim’s proper name.
– Speak clearly and directly at victim.
– Allow time for victim to respond to your
questions.
– Try to make the victim comfortable and
relaxed.
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Making Victim Contact (4 of 4)
• Many victims require medical care.
– Medical care should only be given if it can
be done so safely.
– Do not become a victim during a rescue
attempt.
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Assisting Rescue Crews
• Train with rescue teams.
• Three factors of safety apply to all
scenes:
– Approach cautiously.
– Position apparatus properly.
– Assist specialized team members as
needed.
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Vehicles and Machinery (1 of 2)
• Motor vehicle crashes are common
incidents.
• Safely approach vehicle.
• Present a wide variety of hazards to
rescuers and victims
• Maintain safety of incident.
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Vehicles and Machinery (2 of 2)
• You may have to assist with extrication
and treatment of victims.
• Protect victims when operating
equipment around them.
• You may be asked to do many other
tasks.
• Many tools are required for a successful
vehicle or machinery rescue situation.
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Confined Space (1 of 3)
• Confined space:
– Location surrounded by a structure that is not
designed for people to occupy
• May be oxygen deficient or contain poisonous
gases
• Gather information from a bystander.
• Always assume IDLH atmosphere at any
confined space call.
• Confined space rescues take time.
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Confined Space (2 of 3)
• Your role is to secure the scene.
• Share information with other arriving
companies.
– Complete a size-up upon arrival.
– Observe conditions.
– Note items of importance.
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Confined Space (3 of 3)
• Supplied air
breathing apparatus
system is a key
component in a
confined space
rescue.
• Many tools are used
in confined space
rescue.
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Rope Rescue
• Rope rescue skills may be used.
• Divided into two categories.
– Low-angle operations
– High-angle operations
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Trench and Excavation
Collapse (1 of 2)
• Occurs when earth
has been removed
and sides collapse.
• Safety is of
paramount
importance.
• Being near edge
can cause further
collapsing of sides.
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Trench and Excavation
Collapse (2 of 2)
• Soil is removed from excavation and
placed in a pile is called the spoil pile.
– Very unstable
• Attempt to make contact with victims.
• Look for evidence of location of victims.
• Various tasks may be assigned to you
and your company during the rescue.
• Many different tools will be used.
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Structural Collapse (1 of 3)
• Structural collapse: Sudden and
unplanned fall of part or all of a building.
– Collapse can occur for numerous reasons.
– Consider building construction.
– Dynamics of building change.
– Fire fighters should always be alert of
building collapse.
– In a partial collapse be aware of secondary
collapse.
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Structural Collapse (2 of 3)
• Be aware of safety when approaching.
– Consider shutting off utilities to structure.
– IC makes decision regarding whether a
building is safe to enter.
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Structural Collapse (3 of 3)
• Rescue operations
vary due to size of
structure and
amount of damage.
• Many tools are used
during a building
collapse incident.
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Water and Ice Rescue (1 of 2)
• Almost all fire departments have the potential
to be called to perform a water rescue.
• Safety is key when dealing with a water
rescue.
– Turnout gear is not designed for water rescue.
– Use gear designed for water rescue.
– If you are within ten feet of water, wear a PFD.
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Water and Ice Rescue (2 of 2)
• Attempt communication with victims.
• Ice rescues are common in colder
climates.
• There are many ways to assist in a
water or ice rescue.
• Be familiar with the tools used for water
and ice rescues.
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Wilderness Search and Rescue
(1 of 2)
• Wilderness search and rescue (SAR) is
conducted by a limited number of fire
departments.
• Two categories consist of:
– Search
– Rescue
• Wilderness can include many varied
environments.
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Wilderness Search and Rescue
(2 of 2)
• There are many opportunities to assist
with SAR.
• Always work in teams of two or more
• Tools used for SAR are often tools used
with other rescue situations.
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Hazardous Materials Incidents
(1 of 3)
• Hazardous materials: Any material or
substance that poses a significant risk to the
health and safety of persons or to the
environment if it is not properly handled.
• Often involve petroleum products
• Many retail businesses contain hazardous
materials.
• Can be used in domestic terrorism
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Hazardous Materials Incidents
(2 of 3)
• Fire departments are
trained to recognize
incidents.
• Safety is paramount
when dealing with a
hazardous materials
incident.
• Important to recognize
presence of hazardous
materials
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Hazardous Materials Incidents
(3 of 3)
• You must have proper training in order
to assist with a hazardous materials
incident.
• Hazardous materials incidents require
the use of many tools.
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Elevator Rescue (1 of 2)
• Elevator emergencies are increasing in
frequency.
• Never attempt to move or relocate an
elevator.
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Elevator Rescue (2 of 2)
• When responding to elevator incidents
consider the following:
– Always cut the power to a malfunctioning elevator.
– Perform incident risk management and
assessment.
– Are there enough resources to perform rescue
and extrication in a safe manner?
– Once the incident has been resolved, leave the
power supply off.
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Escalator Rescue (1 of 2)
• Escalator emergencies can be
challenging and complex.
– Never attempt to move an escalator under
any circumstances.
– Good incident risk management and risk
assessment skills are crucial with this type
of incident.
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Escalator Rescue (2 of 2)
• Responders to escalator incidents should
consider these recommendations:
– The escalator machinery must be stopped.
– Are personnel completely trained for this type of
incident?
– The best action may be no action, until a trained
professional arrives on the scene to apply special
expertise.
– Leave the power supply to the escalator turned off
after the escalator incident has been resolved.
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Summary (1 of 2)
• Fire fighters must know the steps to
safely approach and stabilize an
incident before specialty rescue
personnel arrive.
• Follow the five guidelines: be safe,
follow orders, work as a team, think,
and follow the golden rule of public
service.
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Summary (2 of 2)
• When making decisions about
approaching dangerous scenes,
responder safety must take top priority.
• Responders need personnel protective
equipment that is appropriate to the
type of rescue, and they must operate
within the IMS.
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