Transcript Slide 1
ORIGINS The Origins of Sparta and Athens Athens By Annie and Rachel •The first King was Lelex, who had a son named Myles who heired the throne. •The city of Attica, under the rule of Theseos, joined with the small city of Athens. •After combining the towns, he gave the citizens a democracy, with equality for all. •When Theseos died, the ruler Menestheos took over as a king. •He made it so that the poor were slaves to the rich and were completely unequal. •The Athenians were very unhappy, and were unable to fix their government problems for the time. Sparta Similarities •Both cities were originally ruled by kings. •The first kings died and were replaced by other kings. •Myles died and the throne went to Lacedaemon, son of Zeus. •Lacedaemon married Sparta, naming a city within his ruling area, Lacedaemon, after her. •Amyclas, his son, built a town in Lacedaemon. • In Lacedaemon, because the sons of one of the leaders were twins, they created two royal houses. Athenian & Spartan Origin Similarities and Differences Athens Sparta •First divided into communies, later on, it gathered sporadic communities into a town; celebrated as “Synoikia” or “union of the communes” each year. •Comes from Ionic blood. •Comes from Doric blood. •Pelasgic people ; barbarians (did not multiply much) •Comes from Lacedaemonia. •Hellenic people ; not barbarian language. •Branched off from the Pelasgic race. Multiplied greatly. Similarities •Named after an important person. Athens – Athena •Sparta – wife of a king Constance, Jeffrey Education Athens Vs. Sparta: Education •Athenian: •Don’t let children keep company with harlots •Make sure the child is legitimate •Make sure child is conceived when the father has had no alcohol •Nature, Reason and Use •Make sure the child learns virtue •Makes sure learns rational ideas and values •Nature and nurture are necessary •Can become better if not as good if born without nature and will become worse without nurture Need natural mothers take care of, not wet or dry nurses Choose carefully everyone (teachers, nurses, playmates, etc. is near the child •Mold the child when they are young •Don’t let a slave teach •Believed the only true science is philosophy •Go for own glory, not ancestors •Virtue is almost all that matters •Great Pride in being generous, not envious, governing themselves well, mastering pleasures and especially being able to moderate anger is extremely well thought of •Highly populated Similarities: Spartan: •Both are against cowardice •Women education •Strong bodies and strong constitutions are wanted •More Physical than mental •Neither too confident nor too dejected •Modesty and obedience are most important •Men were thought to be superior to women •Much physical punishment •Both look down on drunkards •Runs barefoot to strengthen feet • •Stand Extremes (Heat, Cold, etc.) •Permission to steal •Taught to starve •Invented community Mess Rooms •Relatively sparse population By Eric and Ian Women Both: One main purpose of living was to bear children. Athens: •Women in Athens were not required to tell men what happened in the household during the day the content of the day within the household •Their main daily objective was to please their husband •Men were still required to be honorable towards women •Women were supposed to be virtuous • Paul & ? Women managed the household Women were subjugated Sparta: •Women were trained physically • •They were required to receive a basic education • •If the husband dies he may, in his will, give his daughter to another man, or if not specified his heir, son, makes the decision • •Legislator women when writing laws and therefore women had considerable influence and therefore lived a luxurious life Spartan and Athenian Women Haley and Caroline Spartan • • • State made no laws for women Many things managed by women Cause confusion and useless in war Both •Manage and control many things in regards to household duties Athenian • • • •Ruled by husband • • • Women should be in control of their household Be frugal with money or spend as much as her husband allows Must support and encourage her husband, especially when “his good fortune fails” Have no part in husband’s affairs or arrangement of children's marriages Must be faithful and righteous towards husband, especially if he is faithful towards her Learn from her husband’s rule and lead Constitution Government and the Constitution in Athens and Sparta Athens At first, Athens followed the laws of Draco and his strict rules and punishments. The franchise was given to all who could furnish themselves military equipment. Athens went by the rule of a 401 person republic who was the government of Athens. This people chosen to be in the republic must be over 30 years of age and elected by those who possessed the franchise. One cannot be in for a second term unless everyone else had a term. This council also acted as the protectors of the law, or the court of the land. After a long violent campaign between the rich and the poor, Solon came to power freed all slaves and removed all current debts. Solon’s reign did not, in both parties’ eyes, help them, but he evened out society’s differences and appeased the common consent. •Both Athens and Spartan governments were changed throughout time. •After each country had contained a specific ruler, larger groups came into power. In Sparta it was the ephors and in Athens they had a large republic). •Both Athens and Sparta had a constitution built into their government. Laura and Eliot • Sparta • •Ever since the days of Lycurgus, Sparta has had a constitution The Spartan’s did not have many written laws however. Spartan’s had two kings, Agiad and Eurypontid. The two king’s had equal authority, so neither of them could act without the consent of the other ruler. The king’s jobs mainly fell under the categories of religion, judicial and military concerns. They were also the head of the priests in the states, so they had to perform certain ceremonies. From the time of the Persian war, the kings lost the right to declare war on anyone they wish. As time went by, the kings lost a lot of authority, and became more figurehead’s then actual rulers. The power of the Spartans was actually transferred to the ephors and the gerousia. This was due to the fact that the ephors, believed in democratic laws, and the greater population voted for them to be the new rulers. However, the ephors still kept some oligarchic methods which they thought to be beneficial to the citizens. • • Draco’s Constitution Government Officials o9 Archons oTreasurers oGenerals (Strategi) oCommanders of Calvary (Hipparchi) o401-member Council Offices above are rotated after everyone has had his turn Offices above are cast by lots When one did not go to a council meeting, one had to pay a fine, according to his rank Solon’s Constitution Government Officials o9 Archons oTreasurers oCommissioners for Public Contracts (Poletae) oThe “Eleven” oClerks (Colacretae) oCouncil of 400 People attempted to overthrow was impeached If on did not join a political party, he would lose his citizenship and participation in government Solon increased weight and measure standards 4 classes-chosen by wealth and rate able property oPentacosiomedimni oKnights oZeugitae oThetes Council made of citizens Differences between wealthy and poor Neither city-state had only one ruler Slaves Military Sparta’s Constitution Government Officials o2 hereditary kings (Oligarchy) of the Agiad and Eurypontid families equal in authority phenomenon unique in Greek history duties were mainly religious, judicial, military oChief Priests of State had to perform certain sacrifices maintain communication with the Delphian sanctuary oEphors and Gerousia period of the Persian War-kings lost power chosen by popular election from citizens represented a democratic element without violating Oligarchic methods Daily Life At 30 began full citizen rights and duties 3 conditions: Spartiate birth, training prescribed by law, participation/contribution to one of the dining clubs those who fufilled conditions were citizens in the “fullest sense of the word those who failed were “lesser men”- retained only the civil rights of citizenship Spartans were not allowed to trade or manufacture forbidden to possess gold or silver differences between wealthy and poor property Summary Secondary Source - Athens and Sparta Athens Nobles, kings, and oligarchies ruled Ineffective agricultural Many impoverished Had democracy later Peoples of all economic classes could participate in government Rich in culture Strong navy Very religious morals; hosted many religious festivals Ever-changing government with many tyrants Solon was chosen by the civilians to reform their government Women weren’t educated or valued Families were important to society Both Enemies with each other Had different classes Sparta – Spartiates, perioeci, helots Athens – Four classes (created by Solon) divided by wealth Both established culture and government in the 500’s BC Slavery Sparta – Agricultural slaves (helots) Athens – farmers sold themselves and their wives and children into slavery to pay off debts Powerful Sparta Dual monarchy with a council and assembly (Democratic timocratic monarchial oligarchy) Conquered Messenia and got land as well as agricultural slaves (helots) Helots suffered poverty Only the Spartiates were able to participate in government No luxury or recreation of any sorts Hugely centralized around the Military Ideals – discipline, selfdenial and simplicity Extremely stable government Women were trained and valued more Families were not important