Transcript Church History From the 16th to the 20th Centuries

Church History From
the 16th to the 20th
Centuries
BI 3322 (Part 2)
C. Reform In
Switzerland
2. Calvin and Geneva.
c. Opposition and Control.
 Most serious test of control—Michael
Servetus, Spanish scholar, physician,
scientist, radical reformer.
 Servetus—On Errors of the Trinity, in which
he attacked the doctrine of the Trinity as
extrabiblical.
 Also rejected infant baptism and was
disgusted by self-serving orthodoxy and
ecclesiasticism.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
2. Calvin and Geneva.
c. Opposition and Control.
 S. produced masterpiece, Restitution of
Christianity, in 1533, a refutation of C’s
Institutes.
 At C’s instigation, S. was arrested in
France, but escaped & fled for Naples.
 Stopped, however, in Geneva, where was
recognized and arrested.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
2. Calvin and Geneva.
c. Opposition and Control.
 Genevan Council found him guilty of
spreading heresy and sentenced him to
death by burning.
 In spite of C’s pleas for a more merciful
form of execution, S. was burned at stake
10/27/1553.
 Most famous executed in Geneva; not the
first nor last.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
2. Calvin and Geneva.
c. Opposition and Control.
 C’s opponents bitterly criticized S’s
execution.
 Castellio wrote Concerning Heretics, in
which he said that the burning of heretics is
far removed from the spirit of Christ and
that “to kill a heretics is not to defend a
doctrine, but to kill a man.”

C. Reform In
Switzerland
2. Calvin and Geneva.
c. Opposition and Control.
 Other Reformers, like Melanchthon and
Bullinger and governments of Wittenberg,
Basel, Bern and Zurich, defended C.
 They argued that heresy threatened the
Body of Christ like a rotten limb that had to
be amputated.
 Although a shameful blot on C’s record, it
established him once and for all as the
power in Geneva.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
2. Calvin and Geneva.
c. Opposition and Control.
 Till death, C. dominated Geneva—

Like a tyrant—enemies.
 Like an emissary from God—friends.


C. died 5/27/1564 in the arms of Theodore
Beza, his biographer and successor.
C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
Zwingli’s reform spread no further.
 By 1566, Calvinism had conquered the
Zwinglian cantons and Zwinglianism
virtually disappeared within Calvinism.
 Calvinism spread to other countries.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
a. Huguenots in France.
 C. had addressed 1st ed. of Institutes to
King Francis I of France who was
persecuting Protestants.
 Afterward, while at war with Spain,
continuing the persecutions was not to
advantage nor his main interest.
 Meanwhile F. preachers trained under C.
and preached Huguenot (Protestant)
gospel.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
a. Huguenots in France.
 1559—49 Huguenot congregations in F.;
synod at Paris formed national
organization and adopted Calvinistic
confession.
 1561—2,150 congregations.
 Series of wars (Wars of Religions)
intermittently 1562-1594.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
a. Huguenots in France.
 Infamous incident (Massacre of St.
Bartholomew’s Day) August, 1572—many
Huguenots killed while attending wedding
of Henry of Navarre (Protestant) to
Marguerite, daughter of Catherine d’Medici
 Catherine, mother of 10 yr old Charles IX,
was serving as regent.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
a. Huguenots in France.
 Catherine had ordered the massacre,
which spread the war to other parts of F.
 Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV of
F. in 1594, converted to Catholicism, and
promised to protect the Huguenots.
 Promise crystallized in form of Edict of
Nantes in 1598—guaranteed freedom of
public worship to Huguenots.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
a. Huguenots in France.
 Huguenots continued to be a disruptive
force in F. until their fortress at La Rochelle
was destroyed in 1628.
 Under Louis XIV persistent efforts were
made to nullify the Edict of Nantes; was
finally revoked 10/18/1685.
 Many apostatized under persecution and
hundreds of 1000s fled to Holland,
Switzerland, Eng., Prussia, America.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
a. Huguenots in France.
 Marriages performed by Huguenot
ministers not recognized until 1787; legal
standing of Huguenot Church not till 1802.
 1907 National Union of Reformed
(Calvinist) Churches of France; formed
with non-Calvinist bodies to form the
Protestant Federation of France.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
 N. consisted of ca. 17 Spanish provinces in
what is now Belgium and Holland.
 Was land of Erasmus; Lutheranism had
found an eager response; Waldenses,
Brethren of Common Life, mysticism and
humanism all there.
 Mennonites made real inroads until 1540;
many became Calvinists because C. were
not pacifists.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
 Spain was waging war against the
Netherlands and pacifism was practical for
the day.
 By 1550 Calvinists began organizing chs in
homes; 1571 1st national synod held and
Dlutch Reformed Church (Calvinistic) was
organized.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
 Emperor Charles V had always favored the
Netherlands, where he had been reared.
 But when he abdicated in 1555, his son
and successor, Philip II, subjected the
Netherlands to the dreaded Spanish
Inquisition.
 Armed rebellion broke out; leader was
William of Orange.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
 William of Orange (William the Silent),
once closest friend of Charles, now
bitterest enemy of Philip.
 W., originally a RC, but out of deep
conviction joined the Reformed ch in 1573.
 W. led in forming the United Provinces (the
Protestant North) which eventually became
the United Netherlands.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
 W. assassinated in 1584 (age 51) and did
not see full independence.
 But in 1609 hostilities stopped and the
United Netherlands won their freedom.
 Their independence, however, was not
recognized by Spain until 1648.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
 During struggle, Dutch Reformed Church
had taken shape, adopting a Presbyterian
government, the Heidelberg catechism,
and the Belgic Confession.
 Ch. was closely tied to government, but
religious tolerance was granted to others,
even RCs and Anabaptists.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
 After political wars subsided, doctrinal
battles broke out within DRC.
 Theologians divided over question of
whether God absolutely decreed that
certain men should be lost and others
saved.
 Those who rejected the absolute decree
were known as the Remonstrants.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
 Rs led by Jacob Arminius, professor
theology at U. of Leiden.
 Since then, the R. position has been
known as Arminianism, which rejects
unconditional election, limited atonement
(that Christ died only for the elect),
irresistible grace, and the perseverance of
the saints.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
 Arminianism was condemned at a synod
held at Dort in 1618 and 1619, and the
Remonstrants continued in Holland as a
distinct church.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
c. Reformation in Scotland.
 C. eventually had its strongest expression
in Scotland, where it took the form of
Presbyterianism and became the faith of
the overwhelming majority and the official
religion of the state.
 At turn of 16th c. the Catholic C. in Scotland
was in desperate need of reform and
country was permeated with lawlessness.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
c. Reformation in Scotland.
 Was an openness that resembled a plea
for help.
 By 1525 Luther’s writings circulated; Eng.
Bible introduced 1527.
 Patrick Hamilton, once a student at
Wittenberg, began to preach Lutheranism
in the streets and at U. of St. Andrews, for
which he was burned at stake in 1528.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
c. Reformation in Scotland.
 John Knox was a student at St. Andrews at
the time, was profoundly shaken by the
event, but was ordained to Catholic
priesthood in 1540.
 Another advocate of reform, George
Wishart, was burned at the stake in 1546.
 Knox had defended Wishart theologically
and physically and put himself in jeopardy.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
c. Reformation in Scotland.
 Weeks later, Cardinal Beaton, who had
tried and condemned Wishart was
assassinated by Wishart’s disciples, who
then fortified themselves in Castle of St.
Andrews.
 Knox joined them in 1547 and became
minister of the castle congregation.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
c. Reformation in Scotland.
 Became well known for his powerful
preaching and Scripture exposition, but
was captured, imprisoned for 19 mo. and
then banished to the continent, where he
became thoroughly confirmed in Calvinism.
 From the continent, he returned to Eng.
where Reformation was in full stride under
Edward VI.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
c. Reformation in Scotland.
 Was appointed minister at Berwick on
Scottish border, & declined bishopric of
Rochester in order to return to Scotland.
 Accession of Mary Tudor, however,
reversed Reform movement in Eng., and
Knox again became a refugee on the
continent; spent 3 yrs as minister of
congregation of English refugees in
Geneva.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
c. Reformation in Scotland.
 C. was at the height of his influence and
Knox worked side by side with him.
 K. returned to S. in 1559 & became leaders
of the Reforming party, preaching and
procuring money and troops from Eng.
 Scottish Presby. & Scottish independence
were in danger of being exterminated by
marriage of Mary Queen of Scotts and
Francis II of France.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
c. Reformation in Scotland.
 While Mary was in France, her mother,
Mary of Lorraine (serving as regent)
forbade Reformed preaching.
 Knox aroused the masses and in the civil
war which erupted, French troops
supported Mary and English forces (sent
by Elizabeth) supported the Protestants.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
c. Reformation in Scotland.
 1560 regent died and French troops sailed
for home.
 1560 Knox established Presbyterian
system throughout the kingdom, adopted a
Calvinistic confession, abolished the
pope’s jurisdiction, and called the fir
General Assembly.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
c. Reformation in Scotland.
 1561, however, Mary Queen of Scots
returned to Scotland.
 Charming young widow aroused
widespread popular sympathy and divided
Knox’s supporters—especially among
Protestant nobility.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
c. Reformation in Scotland.
 Mary—

Reinstituted the saying of Mass in her private
chapel,
 Married her cousin Darnley, a RC.
 And set about to wrest the English throne from
Elizabeth.


Knox preached daily and forcefully against
the Mass and immorality of Mary’s court.
C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
c. Reformation in Scotland.
 K. had frequent audiences with Mary with
neither giving ground and tension rising.
 Mary overplayed her hand in an unwise
marriage, intrigues, murder and civil strife.
 She was finally driven to England in 1568
and executed in 1587 on a charge of
plotting to assassinate Elizabeth.

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
c. Reformation in Scotland.
 Her son, James VI, came to the throne
upon her abdication and became James I
of England after the death of Elizabeth.
 Knox had lived to see the triumph of
Presbyterianism and Scottish
independence,

C. Reform In
Switzerland
3. The Spread of Calvinism.
c. Reformation in Scotland.
 From Scotland, Calvinism was literally
exported around the world through the
strong influence of Presbyterianism on
English Puritanism, extensive migrations,
and ambitious mission enterprises.

D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
Lutheranism & Calvinism drastically
opposed to, and eventually separated
from, all the Rome stood for.
Yet, in comparison with another militant
group, they appear extremely
conservative.
Ls & Cs were conservative, retaining
many Romans practices and creeds.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
Ls rejected only those RC features they
believed forbidden by scripture.
Reformed Chs retained only what they
believed justified by scripture.
Both continued to practice infant
baptism and to attempt to bring every
person in the community into the church
by that means.
And, all believed in working through the
close relationship of church and state.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
Another expression, often called the left
wing of Reformation, was more radical
than L & C.
Were determined to exclude everything
not in scripture.
Dedicated to returning to primitive
Christianity.
Made up of “believers only.”
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
Insisted the true church as the
“gathered” ch. of believers and not the
whole community.
Rejected infant baptism as unscriptural
and as a great deterrent in maintaining
churches of the regenerate only.
They “rebaptized” those who professed
adult conversion, obtaining the
derogatory nickname of Anabaptist.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
Aside from the mockery, they disowned
the name because they did not consider
infant baptism valid, and so adult
baptism was the first, not a rebaptism.
A. repudiated any sort of connection
between church and state and upheld
the doctrine of absolute liberty of
conscience.
Many opposed the swearing of oaths,
bearing of arms and capital punishment.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
Was a strong movement of chiliastic
anticipation among them, believing the
millennial reign of Christ was imminent.
LS a high and solemn act of worship
and a high standard of morality
prevailed among them.
Rapid growth, diverse backgrounds
made consolidation difficult, but did
meet in 1527 at Schleitheim, 1st synod.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
Anabs the common enemies of
Catholics and Protestants.
Was feared they would displace
established churches.
1529 Diet of Speyer, both RCs and Ls
agreed to subject them to the death
penalty.
Late 1520s, early 1530s 1000s killed by
beheading (state), drowning
(Protestants), burning (Catholics).
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
Popular support for persecutions gained
by reminding the people that
Anabaptists had been greatly
responsible for the bloody peasant
uprisings of 1524-25.
Fear of rebellion and anarchy a strong
force behind persecution.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
1. Thomas Muntzer and the Zwickau
Prophets
M. sympathized with Peasant’s Revolt
and taught doctrine of Inner Light, which
reappeared with the Quakers.
M. did reject infant baptism, but his
main concern was with political and
social action, not theological issues.
Said L. not radical enough.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
1. Thomas Muntzer and the Zwickau
Prophets
Claiming direct instruction by HS, M.
seized control of Mulhausen and set up
a theocracy, outraging RCs and Ps alike
by senseless destruction of church
property and preaching civil turmoil.
Was executed, giving a bad name to the
movement in many areas of Europe.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
2. The Swiss Brethren
In Zurich, Conrad Grebel & Felix Manz
attracted group known as the Swiss
Brethren.
At 1st supporters of Zwingli, G & M
became impatient with reform in Zurich.
Unwilling to wait for the city council (Z’s
method), they undertook a thorough
reform to abolish the Mass and images.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
2. The Swiss Brethren
1524 came out against infant baptism,
rebaptized adult believers and observed
the LS with simple rites.
Grebel a humanist scholar able to
debate on equal terms with Zwingli.
Was also a missionary, taking his
radical ideas to other cities.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
2. The Swiss Brethren
He and Manz were eventually arrested
in Zurich, condemned to life
imprisonment, escaped and were
recaptured.
Manz executed by drowning 1/25/1527,
the first Anabaptist martyr.
Grebel had died a few months earlier.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
2. The Swiss Brethren
Balthasar Hubmaier also associated
with the Swiss Brethren.
Former pupil of Johann Eck, a professor
at Ingolstadt, preacher at Regensburg
cathedral, parish priest at Waldshut.
At Waldshut contacted Swiss Reformers
and openly allied himself with Zwingli in
1523.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
2. The Swiss Brethren
Soon abandoned Z’s doctrines for those
of the Anabaptists.
Rejected infant baptism, rebaptized
converted adults, began serving the LS
and instituted foot washing.
Became involved in the Peasants’
Revolt and may have been the author of
the Twelve Articles.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
2. The Swiss Brethren
When Waldshut was occupied by govt.
troops, fled to Zurich, then to Moravia,
where he worked for Anabaptist cause
by writing pamphlets on theological
questions.
1527 was extradited to Vienna where he
was burned at the stake on March 10,
1528.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
2. The Swiss Brethren
Others in this group included Hans
Denck, a humanist scholar, proficient in
Greek and Hebrew, who called for an
inner reformation by heeding the voice
of the Spirit within, the indwelling Christ,
and the Scripture.
Renounced violence, worked in several
cities and died of the plague in his early
thirties.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
2. The Swiss Brethren
Ludwig Hetzer (close friend of Denck)
assisted D. in translating the prophetic
books of OT into German, and led the
radical movment in Augsburg.
Hetzer was executed in Constance in
1529.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
3. The Hutterites in Moravia
Relentless persecution of Anabaptists in
Austria caused many to seek refuge in
Moravia, which had shared with
Bohemia in the Hussite revolt against
Rome.
Jakob Hutter, one of leading
Anabaptists in Tyrol, came to Moravia
and assumed a leading position there.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
3. The Hutterites in Moravia
First associated with congregation at
Austerlitz (1529); 1531 broke off with a
radical group which found refuge in
small settlement of Auspitz.
Here H. established the small
community settlements, known as
Bruderhofe, and based on the common
ownership of property.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
3. The Hutterites in Moravia
Soon there developed a series of
Brethren villages in Moravia, fed by the
influx of refugees.
Movement became known as “Hutterian
Brethren” or Hutterites, and was
characterized by pacifism and
communal households, called Houses
of the Brethren.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
3. The Hutterites in Moravia
Because of great reputation in
agriculture and handicraft, Hs were in
demand by nobility and country barons.
This friendly treatment of refugee
Anabaptists incited King Ferdinand I
and govt. in Vienna to enforce
obedience to the edicts of of the
emperor, and persecution was pressed
into Moravia.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
3. The Hutterites in Moravia
Fleeing, Hutter was captured, cruelly
tortured, burned at stake 2/25/1536.
His wife executed short time later.
Though not a theologian or teacher, H’s
practical and social applications of Xtian
principles earned him lasting place in
Xtian history; story of his martyrdom
became a legend among Anabaptists.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
4. Melchior Hoffmann and Chiliasm
Radical Anabaptist and fanatical chiliast,
H. began as Lutheran lay preacher, a
leather dresser by trade.
Came in conflict with authorities in
Livonia in 1523, left for Stockholm in
1526, where he became obsessed with
eschatological ideas and prophesied the
approaching end of the world.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
4. Melchior Hoffmann and Chiliasm
In debate with Johann Bugenhagen
(pastor at Wittenberg) 1529, he denied
Lutheran doctrine of LS; later banished
to Denmark, but went to Strassburg
where he joined the Anabaptists.
Traveled extensively, attracting a large
following in the Netherlands.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
4. Melchior Hoffmann and Chiliasm
Believed himself to be divinely
appointed to lead the faithful to
Strassburg, which would become the
“New Jerusalem,” when Christ returned
on the Last Day in 1533.
Prophesied that all who opposed him
would be destroyed.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
4. Melchior Hoffmann and Chiliasm
Went confidently to Strassburg, where
was arrested and kept in his dungeon
prison until his death in 1543.
Remained unshaken in his
eschatological beliefs, and his influence
was so strong that the “Melchiorites” or
“Hoffmannites” survived him as a
distinct party among the Anabaptists.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
5. Jan Matthys & the Munster Episode
A baker from Holland and an ardent
disciple of Hoffmann.
Announced in 1533 that he was the
prophet Enoch who had been promised
by Hoffmann.
Assumed leadership of the fanatical
party while Hoffmann in prison.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
5. Jan Matthys & the Munster Episode
M. not dismayed when H’s prophecy of
end of world in 1533 was unfulfilled.
Merely announced that H. had been
mistaken, that Munster was to be the
“New Jerusalem,” not Strassburg.
Munster, in Westphalia, near Dutch
border, had enrolled in Schmalkalic
League (Prot.) by influence of young
humanist chaplain, Bernhard Rothmann
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
5. Jan Matthys & the Munster Episode
When R. denounced infant baptism,
word spread that Munster had become
Anabaptist, and many followers of
Hoffmann flocked there for refuge.
M., one of these immigrants, led the
movement to take Munster by armed
force and sought to establish a Kingdom
of the Saints.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
5. Jan Matthys & the Munster Episode
Convinced that Munster would be the
“New Jerusalem,” the radicals
attempted to organize a Christian
society, but the enterprise was aborted
by the siege laid to the city by the
Bishop of Munster.
Aided by both Lutherans & Catholics,
the bishop recaptured the city in June,
1535.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
5. Jan Matthys & the Munster Episode
M. was killed in the battle and was
succeeded by Jan Bockelson, who was
captured, tortured, and killed.
Stories began to circulate about odious
practices of the Anabaptists during the
siege, including polygamy and ruthless
suppression of opposition.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
5. Jan Matthys & the Munster Episode
Munster episode left a dark stain on
reputation of Anabaptists everywhere,
leading many to believe that all A.
fomented chaos in government, society,
morals, and religion.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
6. Mennonites and the Amish
Great majority of A. were appalled and
ashamed at Munster episode.
Respected moderate, Menno Simons,
was esp. outspoken in decrying that sort
of fanaticism.
MS a Catholic priest whose studies of
Scripture led him to break with Rome
and become Protestant preacher 1530.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
6. Mennonites and the Amish
Joined Anabaptists in 1536 because felt
L, C, Z, were wrong in continuing
practice of infant baptism.
Though strongly disapproved of errors
of Anabaptists at Munster, he admired
their courage under persecution and
expected such persecution for himself.
Was fulfilled, he too had to live like a
fugitive and outlaw.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
6. Mennonites and the Amish
But continued to extend his missionary
efforts, married and had children.
His missions took him throughout
Germany where was harassed by
Catholics and Lutherans.
Eventually found refuge on a
nobleman’s estate in Denmark where
remained writing, teaching, organizing
churches.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
6. Mennonites and the Amish
Became outstanding leader of
Anabaptists in Netherlands and North
Germany.
Menno’s views similar to Swiss Brethren
including stress on believer’s baptism,
responsibilities and rights of local
congregations, pacifism, and rejection
of Xtian participation in the magistracy.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
6. Mennonites and the Amish
Magistracy—he refused to allow civil
authorities to belong to his church.
Approx. 500,000 Mennonites today,
about ½ in US.
Common beliefs: rejection of church
organization, infant baptism and real
presence of Christ at LS.
Every congregation independent.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
6. Mennonites and the Amish
Most M. refuse military service, the
taking of the oath and any public office.
Latter part of 16th c., a Mennonite elder,
Jakob Amman, caused a serious split in
German speaking Mennonite
community.
A. demanded that congregations shun
all nonbelievers and ostracize lapsed
believers.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
6. Mennonites and the Amish
A. excommunicated all who disagreed
with him; his followers became closeknit sect with rigid rules regarding
uniformity of dress, untrimmed beards,
and foot washing as an element of
worship.
Became known as Amish from the
name Amman.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
6. Mennonites and the Amish
Severe persecution drove them from the
continent, and they emigrated to William
Penn’s colony of Pennsylvania, where
their descendants remain to this day,
preserving the Anabaptist-MennoniteAmish practices of 1700.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
6. Mennonites and the Amish
Radicals & Anabaptists who formed the
“left wing” of the Reform. were the most
hated and persecuted religious groups
on the continent in 16th c.
Ironically, 20th c. Protestantism often
expresses more keenly the ideas of the
radical Reformers than the traditional
Reformers.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
6. Mennonites and the Amish
Whereas L. & C. had their hands tied by
political & social commitments in a state
church, the radical Reformers were free
to reject nonscriptural concepts and
practices.
They esp. insisted that the world or
community cannot make Xtians, which
for them undermined the whole premise
of infant baptism.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
6. Mennonites and the Amish
They contended for a “gathered” church
in which only believers with a faith
baptism could participate.
This led to a strong stance for
separation of church and state.
Above all, the Anabaptists believed in
the competency of the soul, the ability
and responsibility of each individual to
experience the presence and salvation
of God for himself.
D. Anabaptists and
Radical Reformation
6. Mennonites and the Amish
One can readily see how these ideas
have prevailed and entrenched
themselves in some of the great
evangelical movements of the present
day.
E. Reform In England
British Isles were experiencing similar
phenomenon to continent; English
Reformation, however, was decidedly
English In character.
Though was influenced by issues and
events on continent, the reasons for its
occurrence and the directions of its
course were uniquely English.
E. Reform In England
1. Preparation and Causes
Were at least half dozen distinct causes
which precipitated Reform and the
break with Rome.
1) Rising trend of nationalism, as strong
in Eng. as anywhere on continent.
Widespread resentment over
interference from a foreign pope and
sending money to papal treasury while
England impoverished.
E. Reform In England
1. Preparation and Causes
During “Babylonian Captivity” Eng.
parliament passed the law of
Praemunire, which forbade appeals to
Rome.
Henry VIII revived this old law and used
it for his personal benefit.
E. Reform In England
1. Preparation and Causes
2) Growing anticlericalism which
Wycliffe had inspired with his translation
for the common man, and his primitive
concept of the priesthood of all
believers.
Peasants’ Uprising in 1381 was greatly
influenced by W’s insistence that
unworthy clergymen should be deprived
of their soft living.
E. Reform In England
1. Preparation and Causes
2) Growing anticlericalism which
Anticlerical attitude was kept alive by
the followers of Wycliffe, Lollards.
They taught that Scriptures were sole
authority in religion and every man had
the right to read and interpret them for
himself.
Lollards became an influential cause of
Eng. Ref.
E. Reform In England
1. Preparation and Causes
2) Growing anticlericalism
They attacked clerical celibacy,
transubstantiation, indulgences, and
pilgrimages.
Held validity of priestly acts was
determined by the priest’s moral
character and that endowments, the
oppe, and hierarchy were all
unscriptural.
E. Reform In England
1. Preparation and Causes
3) Abusive and excessive life style of
many Eng. prelates did nothing to help.
Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, papal legate,
minister of state, and archbishop of York
virtually ran England from 1515 to 1529.
He held 4 bishoprics, was enormously
wealthy, had over 500 in his household.
E. Reform In England
1. Preparation and Causes
3) Excesses of clergy
Two of his residences eventually
became royal palaces—Hampton Court
and York Place (Whitehall).
He flagrantly favored relatives, friends
and political cronies.
E. Reform In England
1. Preparation and Causes
4) Humanistic renaissance.
Oxford and Cambridge became
strongholds after Erasmus visited and
taught 1510-1513.
John Colet (1467-1519) had already left
his mark.
Sir Thomas More remained a faithful
Catholic, but led the battle against
ignorance and injustice.
E. Reform In England
1. Preparation and Causes
4) Humanistic renaissance.
In his classic satire Utopia, he called for
a religion based on the dictates of
reason and the laws of nature.
Humanism, while being patronized by
the papacy, was making inroads against
the papacy with its theme of “back to
the sources,” which subtly suggested
the circumventing of ecclesiastical
establishment.
E. Reform In England
1. Preparation and Causes
5) Luther’s writings poured into Eng.
Thomas Bilney, burned at stake in 1531,
was 1st Eng. martyr espousing Lutheran
ideas.
Hugh Latimer, a Bilney proteges,
martyred under Queen Mary.
Cardinal Wolsey personally conducted
1st burning of Luther’s works.
E. Reform In England
1. Preparation and Causes
5) Luther’s writings poured into Eng.
Though Henry VIII later broke with
Rome, he denounced Luther.
His rebuttal to L. doctrines, Assertion of
the Seven Sacraments, earned Henry
the title “Defender of the Faith.”
E. Reform In England
1. Preparation and Causes
6) Personal desires and ambitions of
Henry VIII became the final fuel for the
kindling fire.
His personal desire to divorce Catherine
and marry Anne Boleyn, and his
ambition to attain total supremacy, even
in religious matters, made him the
catallyst for one of the major splits in
Christendom, bringing about the birth of
the Church of England.
E. Reform In England
1. Preparation and Causes
6) Personal desires and ambitions of
Henry VIII became the final fuel for the
kindling fire.
Although reform had been brewing for
centuries, it was Henry’s personal
obsession and obstinance that brought
it to a head.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
Henry VII 1st in a new line of English
kings, the Tudors.
H VII arranged a marriage for his 14 yr
old son Arthur to 16 yr old Catherine,
daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of
Spain in 1501.
Arthur died less than 6 mo later; H VII
gained special papal dispensation to
have younger son Henry marry C.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
H VIII came to throne in 1509; of 6
children born to H & C, one one
survived, Mary.
H deeply concerned over not having a
male heir; Eng had never been ruled by
a woman except for brief period in 12th
c., a fiasco.
Imagined marriage to his brother’s wife
had incurred divine wrath.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
Then became obsessed with beautiful
Anne Boleyn, who refused to share his
bed without sharing his crown.
H began long battle to dissolve
marriage with C.
At 1st sought annulment; but C solemnly
swore her marriage with Arthur had
never been consummated; was no legal
impediment to marriage with H.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
Next, H pushed for papal permission for
a divorce, but Pope Clement VII not in a
position to grant it.
Could not anger Emperor Charles V, the
nephew of Catherine.
On other hand, didn’t want to lose
lucrative and powerful support of Eng.,
so issues dragged out more than 4 yrs.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
H was losing patience; Cardinal Wolsey
had failed to please H in this regard and
was stripped of his positions.
Wolsey died in disgrace in 1530.
Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of
Canterbury, suggested H seek the
opinions of theologians.
H quickly acted on the suggestion,
applying pressure, negotiations and
intrigues.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
Oxford & Cambridge decided in favor of
H followed by the French universities
and even Bologna in Italy.
Essentially decided H’s marriage to C
contrary to divine law and never a valid
marriage.
So H was free to marry without need of
dispensation from Rome.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
1533, H married Anne Boleyn and
forced pope to name Thomas Cranmer
Archbishop of Canterbury.
Infuriated with H’s highhandedness,
pope threatened to excommunicate him.
H’s reaction was to get parliament to
legalize the supremacy of the king.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
In the Restraint of Appeals, the legal
principles of the Eng Ref, parliament
declared that all cases having to do with
religion “shall be from henceforth heard,
examined, discussed, clearly, finally,
and definitively judged and determined
within the king’s jurisdiction and
authority, and not elsewhere…from the
see of Rome, or any other foreign
courts or potentates of the world.”
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
Next year followed the Act of Forbidding
Papal Dispensations, which took from
the pope all rights of nomination and
dispensation and severed all payment
of money to the pope.
Also in 1534, the Supremacy Act
confirmed Henry as “supreme head” of
the C of E.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
Then the Act of Succession declared
Princess Mary, daughter of Catherine,
illegitimate, and named the infant
daughter of Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth
(born 9/7/1533) as heir to the throne.
Pope Clement reaffirmed the validity of
C’s marriage to H and excommunicated
the King of England.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
H, therefore, set up an independent
national English Church, with the king
as the supreme head.
A royal proclamation erased the pope’s
name from all the service books, and
the breach with Rome was complete.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
Several church leaders who refused to
accept H’s supremacy were executed,
among them John Fisher and Thomas
More.
H. became master of both state and
church, but could not master his own
personal passions.
He eventually executed Anne Boleyn for
alleged infidelity and not producing a
male heir and married 4 more times.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
Of his 6 wives, 2 were executed (Boleyn
& Catherine Howard), 2 were divorced
by him (Catherine & Anne of Cleves),
one died in childbirth (Jane Seymour)
and one managed to outlive him
(Catherine Parr).
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
Eng Reform had not culminated in a
great theological schism.
H had opposed heresies of Luther.
 Prided himself on being “Defender of the
Faith”
 Breaking with Rome did not make him a
Protestant.
 Catholic dogma and rites were still upheld.
 Lutheranism still a “pernicious poison.”

E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
John Frith, who had helped Tyndale
translate the NT, was burned in 1533 for
denying transubstantiation and
purgatory.
1535 25 Anabaptists were burned in a
single day.
H. had merely given Eng a new
authority, exchanging supremacy of the
pope for that of the king.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
1535 H VIII appointed Thomas
Cromwell Vicar General of the English
Church; C became chief adviser in all
church affairs.
Presiding at Convocation, C took
precedence over the Archbishop of
Canterbury.
Was C who dissolved the monasteries
between 1536 and 1539.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
Monasticism virtually disappeared from
Eng., the most drastic change in Eng’s
religious life under H VIII besides the
separation from Rome itself.
C also ordered that a Bible should be
provided in every church & that clergy
should perform certain definite duties.
C overstepped his usefulness when he
arranged a marriage to Anne of Cleves.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
The marriage was a diplomatic effort to
make an alliance with Prot. Germany.
H was disgusted with the marriage and
with C, who was arrested, sentenced for
treason, and beheaded July 28, 1540.
Although it appeared C had been
promoted over him, the real church
power behind H was still Thomas
Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
Cranmer—
Annulled H’s marriage to Catherine.
 Declared marriage to Anne Boleyn null and
void.
 Declared marriage to Anne of Cleves to be
invalid.

Despite obvious subservience to the
crown, C. was a profound theologian
who eventually was largely responsible
for shaping the Protestant Ch. of Eng.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
The Ten Articles of 1536, drafted by H.
with help of Cranmer, leaned toward
Protestantism.
Named only 3 sacraments—baptism,
penance, eucharist.
 Stressed the importance of teaching the
people the Bible and early creeds.
 Declared justification is by faith and by
confession, absolution, and good works.

E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
But The Ten Articles also--Held that Christ is physically present in the
eucharist.
 Masses for the dead, the invocation of
saints and use of images are desirable.

H. was obviously trying to mix Catholic
and Protestant together in a
compromise religion.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
3 yrs later he reversed himself and
pushed through Parliament (over
opposition of Cranmer) the Six Articles,
which reaffirmed basic Catholic doctrine
under threat of severe penalty.
Six Articles declared as law--Transubstantiation
 Withholding the cup from the laity
 Celibacy for priests

E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
Six Articles declared as law--Vows of chastity
 Private Masses
 The necessity of auricular confession.

During next 7 yrs scores were executed
for violating one or more of the articles,
with article on transubstantiation being
the most serious.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
At same time, he encouraged the
publication of the Bible in the
vernacular, a distinctly Protestant
stance.
Miles Coverdale made a full translation
of the entire Bible into English; known
as the Great Bible, was placed in the
chs with approval of both Cranmer and
Cromwell.
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
By king’s order, C. prepared forms of
worship, including a litany which was to
be sung in English.
H. attempted in his last years to
promote some religious reforms while
maintaining the substance of traditional
Catholicism.
As symbol of repudiation of Prot., H.
married Catherine Howard, a RC, in
1540 & entered political alliance with
E. Reform In England
2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
1542 Catherine Howard beheaded for
adultery; 1543 H. married Catherine
Parr, who outlived him.
H VIII died 1/28/1547, Cranmer at his
side.
Archbishop Cranmer was now left to
guide the nation into accepting Prot. As
the official ecclesiastical policy of Eng.
E. Reform In England
3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
Edward born to H and Jane Seymour.
9 yrs old when came to throne (1547);
died 1553 at 15.
But during 61/2 yr reign, Eng. was
carried with long strides toward Prot.
Policies of E’s reign were determined by
a council of regency appointed by H. in
his will.
E. Reform In England
3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
Cranmer & Edward Seymour (new
king’s uncle) emerged as dominant
leaders of the council, encouraging
Prot. And writing evangelical tenets into
the laws and customs of the land.
First parliament of new reign--Repealed the Six Articles
 Laws which had restricted the printing of
Scriptures.

E. Reform In England
3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
First parliament of new reign--Laws which had promoted the persecution
of heretics.
 Images were removed from the chs.
 Communion was given to the laity.
 A general confession took the place of
private confession to the priest.
 Leading continental reformers were
welcomed to Eng., esp. by Cranmer.

E. Reform In England
3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
Cranmer also increased the Prot. Hold
with his own literary contributions.
Book of Homilies and Book of Common
Prayer (for worship).
 1549 Parliament enacted the Act of
Uniformity which required all clergy to use
the Book of Common Prayer (has endured
& united the diverse elements of the C of E
 Note: BofCP imposed by Parliament, not
the Convocation, the church body.

E. Reform In England
3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
Cranmer also increased the Prot. Hold
with his own literary contributions.
1553 Forty-two Articles of Religion (written
by 6 theologians led by C.) were issued
under authority of the king.
 These articles gave the doctrinal position
of the C of E, and although they were
abrogated by Mary, they later became the
Thirty-nine Articles of the C of E.

E. Reform In England
3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
In political arena, Edward Seymour,
Lord Protector, did not fare so well;
failed in attempts to contract a marriage
between Edward & young Scottish
Princess Mary; in domestic agricultural
reforms, in controlling uprising of
restless farmers.
1552 Earl of Warwick had Seymour
beheaded and took his place, becoming
the Duke of Northumberland.
E. Reform In England
3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
Duke of N., though unscruplous and
ruthless, did favor the Prot. Program
because it suited his plans of tyranny
and greed.
Thus he supported the Act of Uniformity
and eliminated many objectionable
papal influences from the realm.
Warwick tried to place Lady Jane Grey
in succession in case of E’s death, but
was decidedly unsuccessful.
E. Reform In England
3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
Lady Jane Grey was the grandaughter
of H VIII’s sister Mary and wife of
Warwick’s 4th son.
Warwick was so unpopular with the
people that even some Protestants
supported Mary Tudor when Edward
died in 1553.
E. Reform In England
4. Catholicism Under Mary
H VIII’s will provided that in case E. died
without an heir, he would be succeeded
by H’s 2 daughters, Mary & Elizabeth, in
order of birth.
At 37 and in ill health, Mary Tudor came
to throne; reigned for 5 yrs; died 1558.
Was intensely loyal to the memory of
her mother, Catherine of Aragon; was
foregone conclusion she would try to
bring Eng. back to Catholic fold.
E. Reform In England
4. Catholicism Under Mary
Return to papalism was symbolized by
the return of Cardinal Legate Reginald
Pole (he had fled rather than accept H’s
supremacy).
On St. Andrew’s Day, 1554, the queen
knelt with parliament while Cardinal
Pole absolved the nation of heresy &
received it back into communion with
Rome.
E. Reform In England
4. Catholicism Under Mary
RC had reasserted itself, but Eng. spirit
of nationalism was growing.
When M. married Philip II, son of
Charles V of Spain, many English
feared foreign domination & uprisings
occurred throughout the land.
Still, M. pressed on with fanatical zeal.
Executed ca. 300 Prot. leaders,
including Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley.
E. Reform In England
4. Catholicism Under Mary
So numerous were the beheadings and
burnings during her reign that she
became known as “Bloody Mary.”
When Latimer & Ridley burned at stake
together, L. encouraged R., “Be of good
comfort, Master Ridley, we shall this day
light such a candle by God’s grace in
England as, I trust, shall never be put
out.”
E. Reform In England
4. Catholicism Under Mary
Words proved to prophetic, for M. was
not able to extinguish the light of reform
now sweeping across Eng.
She died a bitter, unhappy and childless
woman.
She had lost most of her friends and
alienated the affections of many of her
subjects.
5-yr revival of RC ended with her death,
1558, with E. poised for rebellion.
E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
M. succeeded by her half-sister
Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII and
Anne Boleyn.
a. Diplomacy and Force.
 E. inherited a kingdom torn by religious
strife and weary of persecution by fanatics
from both camps.
 Fortunately, Elizabeth was wise and
diplomatic, and chose to favor neither
extreme papalism nor extreme Prot.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
She correctly assessed the public mood
& gained the people’s support of a
policy of moderation.
She reformed the Prayer Book to make
it less offensive to RCs, but she
reinstituted the liturgy of Edward VI.
She kept the episcopal form of govt.,
but lessened the power of the bishops.
E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
In 1559 parliament passed the Act of
Supremacy, which recognized her
supremacy in all matters spiritual or
ecclesiastical, as well as temporal.
She was not called “Supreme Head” but
“Supreme Governor.”
Most clergy subscribed, but 2,000 RC
priests refused to sign; all but one of
bishops from M’s reign resigned.
E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
This strong RC resistance caused E. to
lean toward the Protestants.
Matthew Parker, who had been
removed under M., was made
Archbishop of Canterbury.
Other bishops were chosen and
consecrated, and the C of E has
contended to the present that the
apostolic succession was preserved.
E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
Centuries later, Pope Leo XIII declared
in 1896 that Anglican orders were
invalid and not in the apostolic
succession.
Although the Elizabethan Settlement
met bitter RC opposition, E. was tactful
enough to avoid excommunication for
11 yrs; but she was finally
excommunicated by Pius V in 1570.
E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
In the meantime E. had revised the
Forty-two Articles of 1553; they became
the official Thirty-nine Articles of C of E.
Same year (1563) parliament passed
the Test Act which required an oath of
obedience to the queen as the supreme
governor & excluded RCs from the
House of Commons.
E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
Also in 1563, John Foxe published his
famous Book of Martyrs, which inflamed
prejudice against the Catholics because of its
vivid portrayal of Catholics slaughtering and
murdering thousands who would not bow to
the pope.
Angry RC reaction to these events exploded
in the northern revolt of 1569, & Rome began
a series of intrigues to unseat E. and place
Mary Queen of Scots on the throne.
E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
M. had been ousted from Scotland and
sought refuge in Eng.; she posed a
threat to E. and so was imprisoned.
In 1571, a plot to start an insurrection
and unseat E. involved the Duke of Alva
Philip II, Pope Pius V, and the Duke of
Norfolk.
RC priests were trained & sent to Eng.
Secretly as missionaries & subversives.
E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
Many Jesuits conspired to overthrow
the govt. by force.
In 1585 parliament the Act of
Association which called for M’s
execution if she conspired against E.;
when M. became involved in the
Babington conspiracy of 1586, M. was
executed on 2/8/1587.
E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
Philip II of Spain & Pope Sixtus V had
dreamed of uniting Europe again under
one emperor & one church, but had
thus far failed, & their failure at bringing
Eng. back to RC fold was esp. bitter.
When Philip determined to take Eng. by
force with the “Invincible Armada” of 132
ships, the pope helped plan and finance
the ambitious campaign.
E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
E. appealed to the patriotism of her
subjects, who sent 200 smaller & faster
ships to encounter the great Armada.
Under leadership of Sir Francis Drake,
the mighty Spanish fleet was totally
destroyed in 1588.
This astounding defeat of the Spanish
Armada enhanced E’s prestige
everywhere & ushered in a golden age
known as the Elizabethan Period.
E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
E. period was renowned for its
literature, its commerce and growth in
wealth, and its exploits on the sea.
Eng. Seemed to have survived the
threat of foreign interference, but some
of E’s most disturbing problems were at
home among extreme Protestants who
did not feel she had gone far enough in
breaking with Catholicism.
E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 E’s settlement of a compromise religion
had engendered opposition from orthodox
Catholics; now it faced obstinate criticism
from radical Protestants.
 Throughout land had arisen a large and
vocal group known as Puritans, for their
insistence that the C of E be “purified” from
all traces of RC.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 Many of them had been refugees on the
continent during the persecution of Mary
Tudor and were known as the Marian
exiles.
 They became closely connected with and
influenced by the continental reformers,
esp. the Calvinists.
 When they returned to Eng. under E.,
strong sentiments of total reform came with
them.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 Their position was strengthened by the fact
that Calvin’s Institutes had become the
recognized theological textbook in the
universities of England.
 3 main types:

The Episcopal Puritans
 The Presbyterian Puritans
 The Separatist Puritans

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 Episcopal Puritans—Puritan opposition
within the C of E was directed mainly
against the clerical vestments and the
details of liturgy.
 Decade of 1560 was characterized by
controversy over the order of worship.
 Puritans protested the bowing of the knee
at the observance of communion, the sign
of the cross at baptism, and altar robes.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 Some P. were willing to conform to the
state church when the archbishop gave in
on a few points; these were known as
Conformists and those who refused to
compromise and refused to serve in the
state ch. Were known as Nonconformists.
 From 1560 until 1689, the conflict between
the C of E and Nonconformity was of great
significance.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 E. was taking Eng. down the Port. road ,
but like Luther, she feared the Reformation
was in danger of being wrecked by
radicals.
 Also, her Renaissance interest made her
naturally react against those who wanted
to do away with church music, paintings,
sculpture, and stained glass windows.
 She fought constantly to control or
eliminate Puritanism.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 Yet in the decade of 1570 she found
herself depending on their support when
she had been excommunicated.
 Catholic uprisings were occurring in the
North and plots to unseat her were
seething.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 During 1570s when Puritanism was
enjoying growth and popularity, devout
professor at Cambridge, Thomas
Cartwright, came forth demanding that all
ministers be on an equal level, since he
found no graduated organization of
hierarchies in the NT.
 This challenge to episcopal ch. govt.
gained a wide hearing.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 C. became the theoretical father of English
Presbyteriansim.
 C. was removed from Cambridge, but he
and other Puritan leaders privately
organized classes and synods.
 In this way the Presbyterian church begin
in Eng.; its supporters were determined
that it would eventually become the
dominant church.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 Archbishop Parker died in 1575; Edmund
Grindal replaced him.
 G. had been a Marian exile; was deeply
committed to Calvinism & sympathetic to
Presbyterian Puritanism.
 Because of his leanings, he was relieved of
his official duties in 1577; remained without
authority until his death in 1583.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 G. replaced by a hard line Episcopalian,
John Whitgift, who loved pomp and
position.
 W. denounced Cartwright, supported the
Queen’s Renaissance style, and led the
fight in Parliament to stop the effort to
introduce the Presbyterian system into the
C of E.
 W. Created a Commission for Causes
Ecclesiastical to repress the Puritans.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 W. & E. pressured Parl. to pass laws
against Puritans and Recusants (Catholics
who wanted the papacy to dominate); it
ordered disloyal persons to either confrom
or leave the realm.
 Cartwright was imprisoned in 1590, but
escaped to Holland and became preacher
in the Mercantile church in Middleburg.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 Even more radical than the Puritans were
the Separatists or Independents.
 While Puritans wanted to purify the C of E
from within, the Separatists, like
Anabaptists on the continent believed in
“gathered” chs, made up of those who
were freely and consciously Christian, not
simply all the population of a given area.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 They were concerned not over vestments
and liturgy, as were the Puritans, but over
the structure and administration of the
congregation.
 This was the beg. of Congregationalism,
which first appeared in E. in the 1580s.
 Early pioneer was Robert Browne, who
had been influenced at Cambridge by
Cartwright.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 B. organized the 1st free church practicing
infant baptism in the post-Reformation
period.
 In 1581 in Norwich he est. a
congregational type church, constituted of
believers, bound together in a covenant
relationship.
 It was autonomous, with no other
ecclesiastical body having authority over it.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 B. was arrested, imprisoned and his cong.
forced to emigrate to Holland; he joined
them in 1582.
 His church remained in Holland for 10 yrs,
but B. left for Scotland, where he was
again imprisoned and finally returned to
Eng.
 He surrendered to the A of Canterbury in
1585 & was reinstated as a priest in C of E.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 The independents were often called
Brownists; but ironically, B. left them at the
end of his life.
 The spiritual ancestors of the later
Congregationalists were Separatists in that
they withdrew from the C of E; they were
Independents in that they believed in the
full autonomy of each local church.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 Despite the protests of Catholics and
radical Protestants, E’s Anglicanism
prevailed and her Via Media succeeded in
establishing the C of E as a settlement
religion halfway between Rome and
Geneva, between popery and dissent.
 It was largely through E’s genius that E
became the foremost Prot. power in
Europe to which continental Prot. was to
look for support during the centuries to
come.

E. Reform In England
5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
b. Puritans and Separatists
 E. died in 1603; except fro the political
revolt and beheading of Lord Essex, the
last decade of her reign was quiet.
 However, stability was not a permanent
legacy of the Elizabethan Era.
 Revolt and long conflicts loomed on the
horizon.

E. Reform In England
6. Revolt Under The Stuarts
With the death of Elizabeth, the
monarchy passed from the house of
Tudor to the house of Stuart.
a. James I and the Baptists.
 Son of Mary Queen of Scots and Lord
Darnley (Henry Stuart) had reigned as
James VI in Scotland since his mother’s
abdication, 1567.

E. Reform In England
6. Revolt Under The Stuarts
a. James I and the Baptists.
 James also the great-great-grandson of
Henry VII; as such he ascended to the E.
throne as James I on death of E. (1603).
 All 3 factions in E. had reason to believe
that J. would favor them.

Catholics
 Puritans
 C of E.

E. Reform In England
6. Revolt Under The Stuarts
a. James I and the Baptists.
 Catholics were optimistic because his
mother had been executed by E. & he had
married a RC, Anne of Denmark, 1589.
 Puritans were encouraged because of his
experience with Scottish Presbyterianism.
 C of E was confident because of its
subservient stance toward royal
supremacy; his view of himself as supreme
ruler was already known.

E. Reform In England
6. Revolt Under The Stuarts
a. James I and the Baptists.
 C of E confidence was justified; C of E won
the battle for the king’s support.
 At outset, however, was the Puritans who
made the 1st move to gain favor and
concessions.
 On his way to London, J. was met by
Puritans, who presented him with the
Millenary Petition (so called because it
bore 1000 signatures).

E. Reform In England
6. Revolt Under The Stuarts
a. James I and the Baptists.
 Millenary Petition called for amendments in
C of E, esp. in rites and ceremonies.
 J. was noncommittal; did promise to hold a
conference with the Puritans.
 The promise kept=Hampton Court
Conference in 1604—a conference of
bishops and Puritans which produced only
one significant result, a fresh translation of
the Bible.

E. Reform In England
6. Revolt Under The Stuarts
a. James I and the Baptists.
 J. appointed 54 scholars who worked
1607-1611 to produce the “Authorized
Version” which came to be known as the
King James Version, the most popular and
widely read version of the Bible ever
printed.
 J., however, did not revise the Prayer Book
that the Puritans considered too popish.
 Neither did he revise or repeal the Thirtynine Articles.

E. Reform In England
6. Revolt Under The Stuarts
a. James I and the Baptists.
 He also maintained the episcopal form of
ch. govt. and Puritan ministers who
objected lost their pulpits.
