Transcript Part One:

CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE
The Twenties, 1920—1929
PART ONE:
Introduction
Chapter Focus Questions
 How did the second Industrial Revolution
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transform the economy?
What were the promise and limits of prosperity
in the 1920s?
What were the new mass media and the culture
of consumption?
How did the Republican Party dominate politics
in the 1920s?
What were the political and cultural oppositions
to modern trends?
PART TWO:
The Movie Audience and
Hollywood
Hollywood
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Movies.
National audience.
Hollywood.
Symbolized dreams.
PART THREE:
Postwar
Prosperity and
Its Price
The Second Industrial
Revolution
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Technological innovations.
Electricity.
Automated machinery
Consumer goods.
Housing Boom.
Chart: Consumer Debt 1920–1931
The Modern Corporation
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Managerial revolution
Scientific management
Behavioral psychology.
Successful corporations worked to:
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integrate production and distribution
diversify products
expand industrial research
gain control of entire industries
 Salaried executives
Welfare Capitalism
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Worker morale
Union challenge
“Open shop”.
Unions declined.
AFL passive.
Pro-business courts.
The Auto Age
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Consumer economy.
One car per second.
Good pay.
$300 per car.
The auto industry spurred;
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Steel
Rubber
Glass
Petroleum
 Road building.
Cities and Suburbs
 Suburbs.
 Cities grew .
Exceptions: Agriculture, Ailing
Industries
 Workers and farmers.
 Agricultural profits.
 Coolidge cool to farmers.
 Sick industries included:
 coal mining
 Railroads
 New England textiles
PART FOUR:
The New Mass Culture
Movie-Made America
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Mass communication.
Movies.
Publicists.
Hayes Commission.
Radio Broadcasting
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Radio.
National networks.
“Amos ‘n’ Andy”.
Commercialization.
Sports.
New Forms of Journalism
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Newspaper tabloids.
Popular.
Consolidation.
Hearst chain.
Advertising Modernity
 Advertising.
 Research and psychology.
The Phonograph and the
Recording Industry
 Transformed American mass and regional
popular culture.
Sports and Celebrity
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Spectator sports.
Babe Ruth.
1919 Black Sox scandal.
Attendance soared.
Negro National League.
A New Morality?
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New morality.
Openness about sexuality.
Sex and mass culture.
Surveys of sexual behavior.
PART FIVE:
The State, the Economy, and
Business
Harding and Coolidge
 Warren G. Harding.
 Reduced taxes paid by wealthy.
 Calvin Coolidge.
 Reduced federal spending
 Cut taxes
 Blocked initiatives.
Herbert Hoover
 Herbert Hoover was the most influential figure
during the period, serving as secretary of
commerce under Harding and Coolidge.
 He promoted business cooperation by creating
trade associations and coordinating conferences
to promote business efficiency and facilitated
the growing concentration of corporate wealth.
War Debts and Reparations
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Strongest economic power.
World’s most important creditor.
Allies’ debt.
Germany refinanced.
Keeping the Peace
 The United States:
 participated in naval disarmament conferences
 participated in arms reduction agreements
 joined the World Court
 Economic expansion.
 Investments abroad.
PART SIX:
Resistance to
Modernity
Prohibition
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Urban culture power.
Restore public morality.
“Wets” and “drys”.
Organized crime.
Immigration Restriction
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Restricted southern and eastern Europeans.
Racial inferiority.
Quotas on annual immigration.
Chart: Annual Immigration to the U.S. 1860–
1930
The Ku Klux Klan
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Nativist organization.
Hiram W. Evans.
Blacks, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants.
3 million members.
 In 1925, Klan fades.
Religious Fundamentalism
 Political nativism.
 Evolution decried.
 Five states ban evolution.
 Scopes-Monkey Trial.
PART SEVEN:
Promises
Postponed
Feminism in Transition
 Prosperity and progress unevenly distributed.
 National American Woman Suffrage Association:
 reorganized itself as the League of Women Voters
 women’s involvement in politics
 laws protecting women and children
 Alice Paul’s National Woman’s Party
 Equal Rights Amendment.
 Men dominated high-paid occupations.
Mexican Immigration
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Mexicans’ opportunities.
Agribusiness .
Racial targets.
Chart: Mexican Immigration to the U.S., 1920s
The African American
Population
 Map: Black Population, 1920
The “New Negro”
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Harlem Renaissance.
African American migration.
Harlem.
Black protest.
Marcus Garvey.
Long hours, low pay.
Intellectuals and Alienation
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Gertrude Stein.
Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos drew.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
H. L. Mencken and Sinclair Lewis.
Eugene O’Neill
T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land.
The Fugitives attacked industrialism.
The Election of 1928
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Smith v. Hoover, 1928
Smith’s Catholicism.
Both pro-business.
Smith lost.
Map: The Election of 1928