Transcript MEC4 - FRANCISCO YUZO NAKAJIMA

MEC4
DASH - PARENTHESES
DASH
• IT IS USED TO EMPHASIZE A POINT OR TO
SET OFF AN EXPLANATORY COMMENT; BUT
DON'T OVERUSE DASHES, OR THEY WILL
LOSE THEIR IMPACT.
To some of you, my proposals may seem radicaleven revolutionary.
In terms of public legitimation-that is, in terms
of collecting support from state legislators,
parents, donors, and university administratorsEnglish departments are primarily places where
advanced literacy is taught.
DASH
• A PAIR OF DASHES IS USED TO INJECT
AN IMPORTANT IDEA OR SOME EXTRA
INFORMATION.
The boys - Jim, John, and Jeff - left the party early.
Walking – it is recommended by my doctor – is a
great exercise.
DASH
• OBSERVE THAT THE WORDS WITHIN
THE DASHES MAY FORM A COMPLETE
SENTENCE/THOUGHT OR MAY BE A
WORD OR A GROUP OF WORDS.
DASH
• IT IS USED AFTER A SERIES OF
WORDS TO INDICATE THAT A
STATEMENT ABOUT THEM WILL
FOLLOW.
and
- these are the most important newspapers in the
US.
DASH
• A PAIR OF DASHES IS USED TO SET
OFF A SERIES OF WORDS WHICH
SERVES AS EXAMPLES. THE DASH
SUBSTITUTES THE WORDS SUCH AS
OR LIKE.
Some characters that are part of a child’s
childhood ,
and
-
were created by Walt Disney.
DASH
• A DASH IS USED AS AN INFORMAL
SUBSTITUTE FOR A COLON TO MEAN
THAT IS OR FOR EXAMPLE.
We have been married for over 50 years
because we have an agreement – she cooks
and I wash the dishes.
DASH
• A DASH IS USED TO CALL ATTENTION
TO THE REPETITION OF PREVIOUSLY
USED WORDS.
We have to take this trip – the trip of a
lifetime!
The repetition of the word TRIP is
emphasized by the DASH.
DASH
• IT IS USED WHEN PRECEDING THE SOURCE
OF A QUOTATION.
I have a dream.
- Martin Luther King
http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm
DASH
• IT IS USED TO INDICATE MISSING LETTERS,
OFTEN IN A WORD THAT THE SPEAKER OR
WRITER DOES NOT WISH TO PRONOUNCE
OR PUT INTO PRINT.
Good morning, Mr. N-.
Just go to h-.
PARENTHESES
• PARENTHESES AND DASHES SERVE
MANY OF THE SAME FUNCTIONS, BUT
THEY DIFFER IN ONE SIGNIFICANT
RESPECT: PARENTHESES CAN SET OFF
ONLY NONESSENTIAL ELEMENTS,
WHEREAS DASHES CAN SET OFF
ESSENTIAL AND NONESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS.
PARENTHESES
By December (and no sooner) we will
have wound up that new project.
Snow fell in Nebraska – 5 inches in
some places – and also in some parts
of upper New York State.
PARENTHESES
• PARENTHESES ARE USED TO ENCLOSE
COMMENTS WHICH INTERRUPT A SENTENCE
AND WHICH ARE NOT CONSIDERED
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS.
Before arriving at the station, the old
train (someone said it was a relic of
frontier days) caught fire.
DASHES would be too emphatic and COMMAS
would be inappropriate or might prove
confusing.
PARENTHESES
• Here is another example:
Carpets made in Iran (known, in fact, as
Persian rugs) recall the splendors of the
days of the empire.
PARENTHESES are used instead of COMMAS
because the nonessential element to be set off
already contains commas.
PARENTHESES
• PARENTHESES ARE USED TO ENCLOSE
INFORMATION WHICH ARE OFFERED
AS REFERENCE.
Some of the changes that the 42-yearold physicist-turned-journalist foresees in
the decade are described in Born to be
Alive (Bluejay Books, 1992).
PARENTHESES
• PARENTHESES ARE USED TO ENCLOSE
NUMBERS OF LETTERS THAT ACCOMPANY
ENUMERATED ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE.
Please, check the following information:
(1) address, (2) phone number, and (3)
date of birth.
PARENTHESES
• PARENTHESES ARE USED AROUND
REPEATED FIGURES TO ENSURE
ACCURACY.
The whole tour is only one thousand,
seven hundred dollars (US$1,700) plus
tax.
PARENTHESES
• PARENTHESES ARE USED AROUND
ABBREVIATIONS FOLLOWING FULLFORM NOUNS.
I study at Centro de Cultura Anglo
Americana (CCAA).
PARENTHESES
• PARENTHESES ARE USED AROUND
ENTIRE SENTENCES TO SET OFF
REFERENCES OR DIRECTIONS. THE
INFORMATION WITHIN THE
PARENTHESES IS SUPPLEMENTARY TO
THE WRITER’S MAIN IDEA.
PARENTHESES
Most English verbs have two “present”
tenses. (For further information, check
page 457.)
PARENTHICAL ITEMS WITHIN
SENTENCES
• ANY PUNCTUATION THAT COMES
AFTER THE ITEM FALLS OUTSIDE THE
CLOSING PARENTHESES.
There’s only one goal for me right
now (and you know it): getting that
promotion.
PARENTHESES
• DO NOT CAPITALIZE THE FIRST WORD OF
THE ITEM IN PARENTHESES, EVEN IF THE
ITEM IS A COMPLETE SENTENCE. EXCEPT IF
IT WERE THE PRONOUN I OR A PROPER
NOUN, A PROPER ADJECTIVE)
You can stay with us (we’re only fifteen
minutes from the airport) whenever you come to
New York.
I tried to talk to you (I called just before noon)
but nobody answered.
PARENTHESES
• DO NOT USE A PERIOD BEFORE THE
CLOSING PARENTHESIS EXCEPT WITH
AN ABBREVIATION THAT REQUIRES IT.
 I saw your picture in a magazine last week
(People, I think) – and I couldn’t believe who
was standing next to you.
At yesterday’s meeting (I had to leave at 4
p.m.), was your new project approved?
PARENTHESES
• DO NOT USE A QUESTION MARK OR
AN EXCLAMATION POINT BEFORE THE
CLOSING PARENTHESIS UNLESS IT
APPLIES ONLY TO THE PARENTHETICAL
ITEM AND THE SENTENCE ENDS WITH
A DIFFERENT PUNCTUATION MARK.
PARENTHESES
 Can I still get tickets to the show (and
can I bring a friend X), or is it too late?
SAME PUNCTUATION
At our next meeting (will you be able
to make it on the 18th?), we’ll discuss
next year’s budget.
DIFFERENT PUNCTUATION
PARENTHESES
• IF THE ITEM IN PARENTHESES IS NOT
A COMPLETE SENTENCE, FOLLOW THE
SAME RULES FOR PARENTHETICAL
ITEMS WITHIN SENTENCES.
PARENTHESES
• WHEN A COMPLETE, SHORT SENTENCE
OCCURS WITHIN PARENTHESES AT
THE END OF ANOTHER SENTENCE,
PLACE THE PUNCTUATION NEEDED TO
END THE SENTENCE OUTSIDE THE
CLOSING PARENTHESIS:
 I’m through with the job (and I mean
it)!
PARENTHESES
• IF THE SENTENCE IN PARENTHESES IS
LONG AND REQUIRES SPECIAL EMPHASIS,
IT SHOULD BE TREATED AS A SEPARATE
SENTENCE:
PARENTHESES
• I was most
impressed with the
speech given by
Dr. Foster. ( Didn’t
you use to work
with him ? )
1) The preceding
sentence should close
with its own
punctuation mark.
2) The item in
parentheses should
begin with a capital.
3) A period, question
mark, or an
exclamation point
should be placed
before the closing
parenthesis.
4) No other punctuation
mark should follow the
closing parenthesis.
KEEP IN MIND!
• Lesson 154 is due next week.
• Finals are coming!
• Have you started reading your book for
the ORAL EXAM? Let’s get to it!