Transcript United Nations Environment Programme/ Regional Office for

MADAGASCAR
COUNTRY PROJECT
Integrated Assessment of Trade-Related Policies
and Biological Diversity in the Agriculture Sector
Sector : Shrimp Aquaculture
Pr Gabrielle L. RAJOELISON
Geneva, 26-28 November 2007
OVERALL OBJECTIVE OF THE ASSESSMENT
▪ General objective :
- Carry out an Integrated
Assessment of economical,
social and environmental impacts
of trade policy related to Shrimp
Aquaculture in Madagascar.
▪ Problems :
- Environmental : land extension
 degradation of mangroves
- Economical : impacts on trade
chains (market access for
farmers)
- Social : resource uses ;
migration;
costs structure ; benefits
transfered to local people
FOCUS OF THE PROJECT
▪ Driving forces and sector :
- Shrimp aquaculture : strategic resource
- Shrimp exportation : enhancing foreign currency source
- Mangrove : remaining natural and threatened ecosystems
- Mangrove : source of goods and services for rural people
- Rural people (fishermen) poverty
▪ Timeframe:
Ex ante assessment
- Identify biodiversity issues, problems and opportunities related to the sector
- Identify stakeholders interests (regional authorities, investors, fishermen, local
communities)
- Understand the policy context and identify policy priorities at regional level
- Conduct impact assessment
- Develop policy options (scenario)
Ex-post assessment
- Monitoring and evaluation
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
▪ Driving force :Trade policy and trade measures
- market access
- non- tariff barriers
- taxes
- norms and quality (standards and conformity)
- sanitary measures
▪ Change in land use due to change of production
- extensification (more needs of mangroves spaces),
- landscape state and aspect,
 winner : economical operators, investors
 losers : small fishermen, local people
▪ Potential negative impacts on biodiversity and farmers
- Loss of biodiversity (flora and fauna) because of mangroves deforestation
- Coast erosion (protection against marine stream) / Water and soil pollution
- Loss of farmers (fishermen) resources for subsistence
- Migration flow /people displacement
- Social conflicts between small farmers (appropriation conflicts/ marine use
delimitation)
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK (cont.)
Try to draw linkages between main issues listed in previous
slide:
Trade
measure/policy or
agreement
-Norms and quality
-Sanitary measures
-Taxes
Agricultural
activities
-traditional fishing
vs industrial
aquaculture
Agricultural
biodiversity
Farmers’ income
and food security
-Market access
-Prices
-Trade
-Source of proteins
Other influences
on agriculture (e.g.
international
commodities
agreement)
Intensity of land
use
- Extensification
-Mangroves spaces
- Forest
fragmentation
Ecosystem
services
-Protection against
erosion
-- Shelter and eggs
laying of flora and
fauna species
- Goods and
services for people
Other aspects of
human well-being
(e.g. employment)
- Employment
- Subsistence
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK (cont.)
Human well being
 Food security

Employment

Incomes

Health/ education
Biodiversity and Ecosystems
Services :
Provisioning
(fish, shrimps, wood, etc.
Regulating
Coast erosion, Waterflow,
Carbon sequestration
Cultural
Landscape Aesthetic, spiritual
Supporting
Biodiversity conservation
(flora and fauna)
Primary production
Eggs laying
Trade agreements and other
influences on Agriculture:
 Price and market for
shrimps

Standards and quality

Sanitary measures
Agricultural activities and change in
state of land
 Extent of farms

Mangroves fragmentation

Migration flows

Wood (fuel and poles)
overexploitation
METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS
▪
Main indicators to measure the impacts :
◦ Economic indicators
Importers standards for export (labelling)
- Tax burden on raw materials
- Tariffs (market access)
-
◦ Social indicators
Number of employees
- Training programmes for small farmers
-
◦ Environmental indicators
-Percentage
of farms per size
-Land use intensity (percentage per year)
-Change in mangroves area (isolation of fragments)
-Abundance and diversity of flora and fauna species
METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS (cont.)
Screening
State of art and bibliography review
Stage A
Initial workshop to launch
project
Policy context
National and regional priorities
Legislation and code of good
practice
Scoping
Aquaculture context
- “Potentiality”
- Biological and ecological
conditions
- Economical environment
- Socio-cultural aspects
Determining the focus
- conceptual framework
- identification of sustainability issues
Stage B
METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS (cont.)
Determining the focus
- conceptual framework
- identification of sustainability issues
Environmental
Impact
Assessment
Socio-economical inquiry
- interview
- forms
Feasibility study
1) Environmental aspect : EIA- Identification of positive and
negative impacts
- Economic valuation of the
impacts
- Develop measures to avoid, to
mitigate and/or to correct the
impacts
Stage C
2) Economical aspect –
Cost and benefit analysis
Comparison between cost and
advantages value
3) Social Aspect –
Multi criteria Analysis
Root cause Analysis
Stage D
Identification of actions for implementation
ACTION PLAN
Validation workshop
UPDATE OF ASSESSMENT PROCESS
▪ Main steps of the research work
(conducted at both national and local levels)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Launching workshops (information collection)
Capacity building
Bibliography studies – Review Information
Interviews of resources persons
Diagnostic analysis – Integrated Assessment
process
Action Planning
Monitoring and evaluation system
INTERIM RESULTS
▪ (i) Impacts of the trade policy (identified in the
fields)
◦ Environmental impacts :
- Mangrove and wetland conversion (in
shrimp ponds)
Change of coastal land use (human
settlement)
Water and soil pollution
Reduction in fisheries biomass
◦ Economic and social impacts :
Land use conflicts (land use change or
disruption of access for local communities)
Benefits for investors (trends to build
inequalities)
Migration and employment
▪ (ii) Specific impacts on biodiversity
(documented)
Fragmentation
Fuelwood exploitation
Loss of Genetic and Biomass reserve
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION UPDATE
Ministry of Agriculture,
Livestock
and Fisheries
Focal Point
Monitoring
Departemnt
of Water and Forestry
Agronomy School
National Steering Commette
(MEPSPC, MINENVEF, DPRH,
GAPCM, ESSA)
Research Institution
Facilitation
Institutional Structure and Mechanisms
Steering Commette
Coordination
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION UPDATE (cont)
▪ Launching and capacity-building workshops
◦ National workshop
Held in Antananarivo on May 9th to 11th
- Information and communication about :
. UNEP Global Initiative related to trade and biodiversity
. Trade and biodiversity in Madagascar
. Ecocertification
. Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA) of EU-ACP
. Application exercises
◦ Regional workshop :
Held in Majunga (Boeny Region) on September 12th and 13th.
- Information and communication about :
. Shrimp aquaculture at regional level
. Trade and shrimp aquaculture at regional level
. Industrial aquaculture
. Application exercises
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION UPDATE (cont)
Activities
J
J
- Propose methodology of IA
*
*
- Elaborate a Monitoring Manual
*
A
- Write the preliminary report
-Organize a NSC meeting
RI : Research institution
O
N
*
FP
*
*
*
Actors
RI
- Organize Regional Workshop
- Review the policy context and
available information
S
*
FP & RI
*
*
*
RI
*
*
*
RI
*
FP
FP : Focal Point
MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS
▪ Assess the impacts
▪ Develop policy
recommendations
▪ Develop monitoring and
evaluation system
▪ Elaborate Country project
final report
▪ Organize Validation
National Workshop
MAIN CHALLENGES
▪
▪
▪
▪
To respect the timeline
Capacity on IA at national and regional levels
Interinstitutional communication
Trade policy Strategy and Action plan (national and
regional levels)
Misaotra
Tompoko