Transcript Document

New Media
The Internet: Web 2.0
Mohammed Ibahrine
[email protected] or [email protected]
Communication Studies
School of Humanities and Social Sciences
Al Akhwayn University
Ifrane, Morocco
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[1] What is the difference between the Internet and the Web?
[2] History of the Internet
[3] Theories of Information Society
[3.1] Theories of Internet and Politics
– [3.1.1] The Neofuturists
– [3.1.2] The Dystopians
– [3.1.3] The Technorealists
• [4] Web 2.0
– [4.1] Google Society
• [5] Social Media
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The Internet
• Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web (the
Web) interchangeably,
• But in fact the two terms are not synonymous
• The Internet and the Web are two separate but related things
• The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking
infrastructure
• Information that travels over the Internet does so via a variety of
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languages known as protocols
World Wide Web
• The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing
information over the medium of the Internet
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It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the
Internet
• The Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of the languages
spoken over the Internet, to transmit data
• The Web also utilizes browsers such as Netscape, Explorer and
Firefox to access Web documents called Web pages that are
linked to each other via hyperlins
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Tim Berners-Lee
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History
• In August 1991, Sir Tim Berners-Lee created the first
website
• Founded World Wide Web Consortium at MIT in 1994
• Named by Time magazine as one of the top 20 thinkers of
the 20th century
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The Structure of the Theoretical Debate on Politics and the Internet
DEMOCARCY
DYSTOPIANS
ACCESS
INTERNET and POLITICS
TECHNOREALISTS
INFORMATION
COMMUNICATION
NEOFUTURISTS
COMMUNITY
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Key Notions
• DIGITAL DIVIDE: What It Is and Why It Matters What It Is
• “Digital Divide” refers to the gap between those able to benefit
from digital technology and those who are not
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DIGITAL DIVIDE: What It Is and Why It Matters
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$100, Third-World Laptop Stirs Big Debate
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Negroponte, the founding director of the M.I.T. Media Laboratory,
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Negroponte said the manufacturing cost was now below $150 and that
it would fall below $100 by
the end of 2008
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Negroponte has been a globetrotting salesman for the project
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Muammar el-Qaddafi in interested in the project
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International Communication Regime
• International Telecommunication Union ITU
• ICANN
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International Telecommunication Union
ITU
• DIGITAL DIVIDE: What It Is and Why It Matters What
It Is
• “Digital Divide” refers to the gap between those able to
benefit from digital technology and those who are not
• (See www.itu.int/ITU-D/digitaldivide)
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ICANN
• ICANN is responsible for the global coordination of
the Internet's system of unique identifiers
• These include domain names (like .org, .museum
and country codes like .UK), as well as the addresses
used in a variety of Internet protocols
• ICANN's global stakeholders meet regularly to
develop policies that ensure the Internet's ongoing
security and stability
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Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN)
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History of the phrase “Web 2.0
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“Web 2.0” has become a catch-all buzzword that people use
to describe a wide range of online activities and applications
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When the term emerged in 2004 (coined by Dale Dougherty
and popularized by O’Reilly Media and MediaLive
International)
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O’Reilly and others have smartly outlined some of the
defining characteristics of Web 2.0 applications —utilizing
collective intelligence, providing network-enabled interactive
services, giving users control over their own data—these
traits do not always map neatly on to the technologies held
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Web 1.0 vs. Web 2.0
Web 1.0
DoubleClick
Ofoto
Akamai
3.com
Britannica Online
Personal websites
Domain name speculation
Content management systems
Directories (taxonomy)
Stickiness
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Web 2.0
Google AdSense
Flickr
BitTorrentmp
Napster
Wikipedia
Blogging
Search engine optimization
Wikis
Tagging ("folksonomy")
Syndication
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Google demonstrates many Web 2.0 sensibilities
Sergey Brin
President, Technology
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Larry Page
President, Products
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Google Society or Googlezation of Society
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Google Society or Googlezation of Society
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Google Society
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The googlization of society will make
everyone famous for 10 minutes and for
10 people’
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Web 2.0 Meme Map
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Examples of Social Media Services
Social
media
MySpace
YouTube
Second Life
Digg
Del.icio.us
Reddit
Flickr
Webjay
Indymedia
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Services
A blogging platform
A videoblogging platform
A virtual world gaming platform
A news sharing platform
A bookmark sharing platform
A news sharing platform
A photosharing platform
A music playlist sharing platform
A global network of independent journalists
and alternative media
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A wiki
• Wiki Wiki sign at Honolulu International Airport
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A wiki
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[Definition]
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A wiki is a type of website that allows the visitors themselves to easily
add, remove, and otherwise edit and change some available content,
sometimes without the need for registration
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This ease of interaction and operation makes a wiki an effective tool for
collaborative authoring
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The term wiki also can refer to the collaborative software itself
Wiki engine that facilitates the operation of such a website, or to certain
specific wiki sites, including the computer science site
•
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Morocco on Wikipedia - 2006
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iPod 2001
• The iPod is currently the world's best-selling digital
audio player and its worldwide mainstream adoption
makes it one of the most popular consumer brands
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Podcast
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“Podcasting will change radio, not kill it”
• [Definition]
• A podcast is a multimedia file distributed over the
Internet using syndication feeds, for playback on mobile
devices and personal computers
• Originally, the term meant a portmanteau of
"broadcasting" and “iPod“ (Ben Hammersley, The
Guardian, 2004)
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“Podcasting will change radio, not kill it”
• The “pod” comes from Apple's iPod, a fashionable portable
music player
• The “casting” comes from broadcasting, which means sending a
radio signal to an entire population in a particular geographic
area at a particular time
• The podcaster is the person who hosts or authors of a podcast
• The editors of the New Oxford American Dictionary declared
"podcasting" the 2005 word of the year
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Primary Characteristics of a Blog
 The word “blog” appears to date back to 1997, when one of the
few practitioners at the time, Jorn Barger, called his website a
“weblog”
 In 1999, another user, Peter Merholz, playfully broke the word
into “we blog”, and somehow the new term—blog—stuck as
both a verb and a noun
 Technically, Weblogs, or "blogs," are frequently updated
webpages with a series of archived posts or entries (old content
remains accessible), typically in a reverse-chronological
journaling (format)
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Primary Characteristics of a Blog
 Most blogs provide hypertext; links to related news
articles, documents, blog entries within each entry
(attribution)
 Many blogs allow for audience comments and have
RSS or XML feed (ease of syndication)
 Blog posts are primarily textual, but they may also
contain pictures (“photoblogs”) and or other
multimedia content such as video (“vlogs”)
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Creating a Blog_Smart Mobs
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Technorati Who is saying what.
Right now
 Each post is stored on its own distinct archive page,
the so-called “permalink”, where it can always be
found
 On average, Technorati tracks some 50,000 new
posts an hour
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Technorati Who is saying what.
Right now
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Technorati Search for Blogging
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Technorati Search for Blogging
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“The people formerly known as your
audience, or the people formerly
known as consumers, are now
participants in the process of building
your brand.”
David Sifry, Founder and
CEO, Technorati
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Creative Commons
 The word “blog” appears to date back to 1997, when one of the few
practitioners at the time, Jorn Barger, called his site a “weblog”
 In 1999, another user, Peter Merholz, playfully broke the word into
“we blog”, and somehow the new term—blog—stuck as both a verb
and a noun
 Technically, it means a web page to which its owner regularly adds
new entries, or “posts”, which tend to be (but need not be) short and
often contain hyperlinks to other blogs or websites
 Besides text and hypertext, posts can also contain pictures
(“photoblogs”) and video (“vlogs”)
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 Each post is stored on its own distinct archive page, the so-called
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Open Source and Free Culture
 The word “blog” appears to date back to 1997, when one of the few
practitioners at the time, Jorn Barger, called his site a “weblog”
 In 1999, another user, Peter Merholz, playfully broke the word into
“we blog”, and somehow the new term—blog—stuck as both a verb
and a noun
 Technically, it means a web page to which its owner regularly adds
new entries, or “posts”, which tend to be (but need not be) short and
often contain hyperlinks to other blogs or websites
 Besides text and hypertext, posts can also contain pictures
(“photoblogs”) and video (“vlogs”)
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 Each post is stored on its own distinct archive page, the so-called
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YouTube 2005
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YouTube is a popular free video sharing web site
which lets users upload, view, and share video
clips
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In 13 November 2006, Google, Inc., bought for
$1.65 billion
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YouTube_Broadcast Yourself
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MP3 Players
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Flickr
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Flickr:
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[Definition]
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Flikr is a photo sharing website and web services
suite,
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And an online community platform
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[Definition]
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MySpace is a social networking website offering an interactive,
user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups,
photos, music, and videos
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MySpace also has an internal search engine and an internal e-mail
system
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More than 100 million accounts created
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Third most popular site in the U.S. (after Yahoo and Google)
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Firefox 2
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Supporters of social media claim that we are entering
an age when it is indeed possible for individuals to
respond to any public opinion
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The cost of becoming part of the networked public
sphere has become negligible, and new models of
participation are being developed and tested
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Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, recently launched
an initiative that seeks to redefine the political process:
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"If broadcast media brought us broadcast politics, then
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participatory media will bring us participatory politics45
Skype 2003
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The Indymedia Network
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Indymedia is both a global online network
(www.indymedia.org) and over 140 local, autonomous
Indymedia organisations around the world offering
‘grassroots, non-corporate coverage’ of major protests and
issues relevant to the anti-capitalist, peace and social
justice movements
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Local Indymedia centres can be found across Europe,
including the UK, as well as Israel, Palestine, South Africa,
Indonesia, Nigeria, Australia, Russia, Brazil, Cyprus,
Croatia, India and Colombia
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The Indymedia Network
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Over one third of the IMCs (Independent Media Centres)
are located in the U.S. and Canada
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Born out of the need to provide a space for alternative
voices and independent journalists during the massive antiWTO demonstrations in 1999 in Seattle, Indymedia has
continued to grow exponentially since, both in size and
scope
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This means that anyone can post a print article, photo,
video or audio piece directly onto the website under the
‘newswire’ section
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The Indymedia Network
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Wired magazine
– “When the tools are spread ubiquitously,
talent will rise out, luck will rise out, and
being in the right place at the right time will
rise out, and suddenly you will see the
content just emerging whether it meant to
or not.”
Chris Anderson, Editor-in-Chief
of Wired
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Social Media
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[Definition]
– Social media are online tools and platforms and include
 Blogging
 Podcasting
 Videoblogging
 Photoblogging
 Wikis
 Mailing lists
 Bulletin boards
 Message boards
– have significantly limited the traditional media
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Participatory Journalism
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Participatory journalism is a concept that embraces an
expanded two-way communication between established
media and readers, allowing readers to interact with
journalists and news organizations
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Today’s practice of blogging embodies these concepts
of journalism
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It is the latest in a series of technologies that have
changed the face of both mass communication and
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Social Media
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Advocates of social media will point out that while
there are applications such as wikis and social
bookmarking that embody this 'unlimited aggregation'
approach, the ecology of social media is balanced by
the presence of other applications such as blogs and
social networking where individuality and cooperation
are alive and well
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By using a mix of social media, communities can
benefit both from the wisdom of crowds and the
wisdom of individuals
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Citizens' media
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Citizens' media—also called alternative media or
radical media—are instances where communication
technologies are used by
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Citizens' groups
Collectives
Grassroots organizations
Social movements
to meet their information, communication, expression,
and networking needs
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Citizens' media
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Citizens' media—also called alternative media or
radical media—are instances where communication
technologies are used by




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Citizens' groups
Collectives
Grassroots organizations
Social movements
to meet their information, communication, expression,
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Readers or Aggregators
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Associative Statement
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This icon was introduced by
Mozilla Firefox to indicate a web
feed was present on a webpage.
Microsoft Internet Explorer and
Opera have also adopted the icon
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The Arab Countries and the Digital Age
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