Transcript Slide 1
Created by Lisa Sydeski Thomas Jefferson High School WHY DID THIS MONUMENTOUS CHANGE OCCUR? HOW DID THIS NEW WORLD-VIEW AFFECT THE WAY PEOPLE THOUGHT ABOUT SOCIETY? WHAT IMPACT DID THIS NEW WAY OF THINKING HAVE ON POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND MONARCHIAL ABSOLUTISM? “Loosely united by certain key ideas, the European Enlightenment was a broad intellectual and cultural movement that gained strength gradually and did not reach its maturity until about 1750.” – McKay Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) German Philosopher What is the Enlightenment? (1784) “Dare to know” “Enlightenment is man’s emergence from his self-incurred immaturity.” Enlightenment thinkers/scientists = revolutions in the sciences, the arts, politics, and religion Scientific Revolution (1543-1687) reassessment of long lasting prevailing ideas Universal, mathematical laws – Newton – Principle of Gravity Application to religion, government, Leads to the Enlightenment REASON NATURAL LAWS PROGRESS SOCIAL POLITICAL RELGIOUS INTELLECTUAL TECHNOLOGICAL ECONOMIC Increase in literacy Reform Deism Age of Reason Printing Press Mercantilism to Capitalism Philosophes – students of society who were concerned with progress and reform Intellectual theorists Applied reason to ALL aspects of society: religion, politics, science, history, economy Rousseau wrote a novel, opera, autobiography, constitution for Poland, treatise on education, analysis of theater on morals Free thought and social reform 1724-1804 Critique of Pure Reason (1781) Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science (1786) Concept of Transcendentalism Existence of knowledge beyond empiricism For example: faith, life after death (1588-1679) English Leviathan (1651) Life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish” Absolute Monarchy best form of government Social Contract – NOT DIVINE RIGHT No Right to Revolt English Civil War (1642-1651) (1632-1704) English Two Treaties of Government (1690) Republic best form of government Social contract NOT divine right Right to Revolt “Life, Liberty, Property” – Natural Rights AMERICAN philosophes? The Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) French The Spirit of the Laws (1748) Three Branches of Government Balance of Powers Republic is best form of government (1712-1778) Swiss The Social Contract (1762) The social contract is derived from human nature not the bible, rulers People enter into a social contract with one another “General Will” – surrender individual rights for the collective will of the community Gov’t necessary evil to carry out the general will “All men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains.” Man is born naturally good needs protection from corruption of civilization “Nobel Savage” Government must preserve “liberties” French Revolution Francis Marie Arouet (1712-1778) Essay on the Customs and Spirit of Nations (1756) Candide (1759) Philosophical Dictionary (1764) Attacked religious persecution, exploited ignorance Right to a fair trial “I may disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” Case of Jean Calas Toulouse, France Campaign to abolish torture (1711-1776) Scottish An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1740) The Natural History of Religion (1755) Basis for religion was emotion and fear NOT reason “One who believes in the existence of a God or supreme being but denies revealed religion, basing his belief on the light of nature and reason." Religion/Philosophy based on natural law and reason DEISM IS NOT ATHEISM Religion without superstition, fanaticism Natural and rational not supernatural and mystical God made the universe and has no further interventions “The intricacies of the physical universe were compared to the intricacies of a watch, and it was argued that just as a watch could not exist w/out a watchmaker, so the universe as discovered by Newton could not exist w/out a God who created it and set it moving by its mathematical law.” - Palmer “It was almighty intelligence that was thought divine.” – Palmer “God Gave Us Reason, not Religion” – The World Union of Deists Wealth of Nations (1776) Supported: Against: Free Trade Capitalism Liberalism Mercantilism Land in place of labor Key Concepts: “Invisible Hand”, “laissez-faire”, “supply & demand” (1713-1784) French Encyclopedia (1751 – 1772) 28 volumes Encompass every branch of human knowledge 1st volume published in 1751 Paris salons Women hostesses Madame Marie-Therese Geofrinn (1699-1777) Wealthy middle-class widow Most salons held by middle-class or aristocratic women Emilie du Chatelet (1706-1749) - French Wrote about mathematics and physics Translation of Newton’s Principia Voltaire learned much of his science from her Inspired by the Enlightenment – absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms Catherine II, Frederick II, and Joseph II Paradox??? REFORM – threatened the existence of the monarchy and the changing concept of government Russia, Romanov (r. 1762-1796) Expansion of territory Partition of Poland 1772, 1793,1795 Codifies laws Emphasis on education and building projects Pugachev’s rebellion Prussia, Hohenzollern (r. 1740-1786) “First Servant of the State” Unified law code Abolished torture Religious toleration Reorganized taxation Composed music Invited philosophes to his court - Voltaire Austria, Habsburg (r. 1765 – 1790) Mother Maria Theresa Religious toleration Equal taxation Unified law code Abolished serfdom Educational reform Land to the serfs Leopold II (r. 1790-1792) Reform, democracy, republicanism Monarchs “servant to the state” Centralized power, codify laws, build up military Encouraged education institutions Civil society – clubs, salons, private academies, lending libraries, professional/scientific organizations Secularization, religious toleration Organized around the stonemasons’ guild Fraternal Lodge Encouraged equality among members included men of middle-class and aristocracy Elected officers, wrote constitutions, “free” to practice their skills in coordination with Enlightenment ideals